cc_byPfeffer, JürgenKrügel, SebastianUhl, Matthias2026-01-282026-01-282026https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00579-4https://hohpublica.uni-hohenheim.de/handle/123456789/18802Hundreds of millions of users interact with large language models (LLMs) regularly to get advice on all aspects of life. The increase in LLMs’ logical capabilities might be accompanied by unintended side effects with ethical implications. Focusing on recent model developments of ChatGPT, we can show clear evidence for a systematic shift in ethical stances that accompanied a leap in the models’ logical capabilities. Specifically, as ChatGPT’s capacity grows, it tends to give decisively more utilitarian answers to the two most famous dilemmas in ethics. Given the documented impact that LLMs have on users, we call for a research focus on the prevalence and dominance of ethical theories in LLMs as well as their potential shift over time. Moreover, our findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring and transparent public reporting of LLMs’ moral reasoning to ensure their informed and responsible use.engLarge language modelsUtilitarianismEthical theoriesChatGPTTrolley dilemma170Article2026-01-23