Browsing by Person "Christ, Julian P."

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Geographic concentration and spatial inequality : two decades of EPO patenting at the level of European micro regions
(2010) Christ, Julian P.
This paper contributes with empirical findings to the research on structural inequality and geographic concentration of European inventorship activity at the level of European micro regions. We analyze the spatial structure and dynamics of 43 technology fields (ISI-SPRU-OST concordance) and 6 high-technology fields based on data on EPO patent applications and EPO inventors for the reference period 1977-2004. Based upon OECD RegPAT database (January 2009), we extract EPO patent applications (fractional counting) and inventor IDs (full counting), which are spatially linked to 819 European micro regions (OECD TL3), covering the EU-25, Switzerland and Norway. Besides standard descriptives, we compute Herfindahl-Hirschman indices, location quotients and weighted locational and spatial GINI coefficients. We confirm the hypotheses that (i) the technology fields under analysis differ in their overall size with respect to the stock of EPO patent applications and inventors; (ii) the share of regions with LQ > 1 has decreased compared to the share of regions with at least a single patent application; (iii) the sample of European regions is characterized by highly concentrated and unequally distributed technology fields; (iv) spatial inequality of EPO patenting and inventor location has decreased significantly within the last two decades for most technology fields. In this respect, our quantitative approach clearly depicts dispersion tendencies and decreasing inequality, although structural dynamics differ between technology fields.
Innovationspotentiale in Baden-Württemberg : branchenspezifische Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivität, regionales Patentaufkommen und Beschäftigungsstruktur
(2012) Rukwid, Ralf; Christ, Julian P.
Aufgrund der bestehenden und sich weiter intensivierenden internationalen Konkurrenz in vielen Technologiebereichen und Branchen ist eine erhöhte Innovationsfähigkeit und Innovationstätigkeit als zentraler Erfolgsfaktor für die Unternehmen in Baden-Württemberg anzusehen. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts ?Innovationspotentiale in Baden-Württemberg: Innovationsindikatoren und regionale Clusterbildung?? wurden verschiedene Fragestellungen aufgegriffen, die für die Analyse der baden-württembergischen Wirtschaft und die Darstellung der regionalen Innovationskraft und Innovationspotentiale von essentieller Bedeutung sind. Die strukturellen Besonderheiten der regionalen Beschäftigung und Humanressourcen gelten allgemein als erfolgskritisch für Forschung, Entwicklung, Invention und Innovation. In diesem Beitrag wird daher überprüft, inwieweit die baden-württembergische Beschäftigung auf bestimmte Technologiebereiche bzw. Wirtschaftszweige überdurchschnittlich spezialisiert ist. Für die Analyse der baden-württembergischen Innovationspotentiale werden, neben der regionalen Beschäftigungsstruktur nach Technologiebereichen, zudem die Humanressourcen in Wissenschaft und Technologie, wie auch das Qualifikations- bzw. Bildungsniveau, als besonders relevant eingestuft. Weiterhin gelten die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaufwendungen, insbesondere die FuE-Aktivitäten des Wirtschaftssektors, als wesentlicher Träger und Garant wirtschaftlichen Erfolgs und zukünftiger Beschäftigungssicherung. Unterschiede in regionalen bzw. nationalen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten führen generell zu signifikanten Strukturunterschieden von Regionen bzw. Volkswirtschaften, welche sich mittel- bis langfristig in der Produktions- bzw. Wertschöpfungsstruktur, der Innovations- und Technologiestruktur sowie der Beschäftigungs- und Exportstruktur widerspiegeln. Es werden daher in diesem Beitrag die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten Baden-Württembergs, insbesondere mit Blick auf ausgesuchte Branchenaggregate und Technologiebereiche, genauer untersucht. Komplementär zu den Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten, welche in der Literatur generell als Input-Indikatoren des Innovationsprozesses angesehen werden, stellen eingereichte Patentanmeldungen bzw. gewährte Patente den Output der Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivität dar. In dieser Studie werden, im Kontext Baden-Württembergs, gezielt ausgewählte Technologiebereiche genauer untersucht, welche dem Bereich Metall & Elektro und IKT (M&E-IKT-Aggregat) nahe stehen.
Innovationspotentiale in Baden-Württemberg : Produktionscluster im Bereich ?Metall, Elektro, IKT? und regionaleVerfügbarkeit akademischer Fachkräfte in den MINT-Fächern
(2012) Christ, Julian P.; Rukwid, Ralf
Aufgrund der bestehenden und sich weiter intensivierenden internationalen Konkurrenz in vielen Technologiebereichen und Branchen ist eine erhöhte Innovationsfähigkeit und Innovationstätigkeit als zentraler Erfolgsfaktor für die Unternehmen in Baden-Württemberg anzusehen. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts ?Innovationspotentiale in Baden-Württemberg: Innovationsindikatoren und regionale Clusterbildung? wurden verschiedene Fragestellungen aufgegriffen, die für die Analyse der baden-württembergischen Wirtschaft und die Darstellung der regionalen Innovationskraft und Innovationspotentiale von essentieller Bedeutung sind. Baden-Württemberg ist in seiner wirtschaftlichen und technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit nach wie vor stark durch den Industriesektor bzw. einen bedeutenden Industrie- Dienstleistungsverbund geprägt. Der Wirtschaftsbereich ?Metall, Elektro, IKT? (M&E - IKT) kann dabei als der Kern dieses innovations- und wachstumsstarken Industrie- Dienstleistungsverbundes angesehen werden kann. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgenommene Clusteridentifikation bzw. Clusterverortung im Bereich M&E ? IKT belegt bedeutende Unternehmensagglomerationen in den einzelnen baden-württembergischen Teilregionen. Die Ballung von Produktionsaktivitäten in diesen besonders wissensintensiven und zukunftsfähigen Branchen eröffnet wichtige mittel- bis langfristige Innovationspotentiale für die politischen und ökonomischen Entscheidungsträger. Des Weiteren analysiert der Beitrag die regionale Verfügbarkeit hoch qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte. Hierfür werden die Entwicklung und die bisherige Struktur des badenwürttembergischen Hochschulsektors - mit einem speziellen Fokus auf die sog. MINT-Fächer (Mathematik, Ingenieurwissenschaften, Naturwissenschaften, Technik) - detailliert untersucht Der im Landeskontext besonderen Bedeutung der 2009 neugegründeten ?Dualen Hochschule Baden-Württemberg? (DHBW) wird durch eine durchgehend gesonderte statistische Erfassung Rechnung getragen.
New economic geography reloaded : localized knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation
(2009) Christ, Julian P.
Despite the increasing and newly inspired interests in geographical economics and industry location theory, the majority of existing New Economic Geography models ignores the interdependence between spatial concentration, knowledge diffusion, invention and growth. For this reason, the paper exclusively surveys the emergence and development of New Economic Geography Growth models in the context of the existing geography of innovation literature. The first part of the paper contributes with a classification of first- and second-nature causes of agglomeration and clustering. This part will also discriminate between static and dynamic externalities. Therefore, the chapter particularly compiles the differences between urbanization and localization externalities, and MAR, Jacobian and Porter externalities. A second concern of the paper is to highlight the modeling peculiarities of New Economic Geography Growth models. Besides approaching the main differences and similarities between first- and second-generation NEG models, the paper additionally reviews and discloses complemental contributions to the geography of innovation literature in the course of time. For this purpose, the paper examines in a meta-study 61 empirical contributions, which are related to the knowledge production function, the concept of spatial dependence and knowledge spillovers. The meta-study is complemented by bibliometric research. The paper ultimately concludes that the empirical studies that are related to the concept of (localized) knowledge spillovers and spatial association have caused a fundamental upgrading of the New Economic Geography literature towards non-pecuniary externalities. Consequently, the paper shows that recently developed second-generation NEG models offer alternative backward and forward linkages, which similarly determine centripetal and centrifugal forces, circular causality and finally the geography of innovation.
Quantitative Clusteridentifikation auf Ebene der deutschen Stadt- und Landkreise (1999 - 2008)
(2011) Rukwid, Ralf; Christ, Julian P.
Die detaillierte Untersuchung von Unternehmensagglomerationen bzw. der räumlichen Ballung von Produktionsaktivitäten war ein wesentliches Analyseziel des Forschungsprojekts ?Die Bedeutung von Innovationsclustern, sektoralen und regionalen Innovationssystemen zur Stärkung der globalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der baden-württembergischen Wirtschaft?. In diesem Zusammenhang entstand eine Datenbank mit Cluster-Messwerten, die flächendeckend für ganz Deutschland eine präzise Verortung von Produktionsclustern auf Ebene der Stadt- und Landkreise erlaubt. Mit Hilfe eines auf die Arbeiten von Litzenberger und Sternberg zurückgehenden Cluster-Indexes (CI) wurde für jeden deutschen Kreis im Zeitraum von 1999 bis 2008 das entsprechende Cluster-Niveau bestimmt. Solche Cluster-Index-Werte liegen jeweils für die klassischen Sektoren Landwirtschaft, Verarbeitendes Gewerbe und Dienstleistungen, für die über 200 Dreisteller-Wirtschaftszweige der WZ2003 bzw. WZ93 sowie für ausgesuchte Branchenaggregate der Dreisteller-Wirtschaftszweige, sogenannte Prognos Zukunftsfelder, vor. Sämtliche Cluster-Messwerte wurden tabellarisch aufbereitet und in einen erweiterten Datenanhang integriert. Dieses Arbeitspapier beschreibt die berechneten Clusterdaten inklusive der zugrundeliegenden Ausgangsdaten und fasst die methodischen Grundlagen der durchgeführten quantitativen Clusteridentifikation zusammen.
Standard-setting and knowledge dynamics in innovation clusters
(2008) Christ, Julian P.; Slowak, André P.
Extensive research has been conducted on how firms and regions take advantage of spatially concentrated assets, and also why history matters to regional specialisation patterns. In brief, it seems that innovation clusters as a distinctive regional entity in international business and the geography of innovation are of increasing importance in STI policy, innovation systems and competitiveness studies. Recently, more and more research has contributed to an evolutionary perspective on collaboration in clusters. Nonetheless, the field of cluster or regional innovation systems remains a multidisciplinary field where the state of the art is determined by the individual perspective (key concepts could, for example, be industrial districts, innovative clusters with reference to OECD, regional knowledge production, milieus & sticky knowledge, regional lock-ins & path dependencies, learning regions or sectoral innovation systems). According to our analysis, the research gap lies in both quantitative, comparative surveys and in-depth concepts of knowledge dynamics and cluster evolution. Therefore this paper emphasises the unchallenged in-depth characteristics of knowledge utilisation within a cluster?s collaborative innovation activities. More precisely, it deals with knowledge dynamics in terms of matching different agents´ knowledge stocks via knowledge flows, common technology specification (standard-setting), and knowledge spillovers. The means of open innovation and system boundaries for spatially concentrated agents in terms of knowledge opportunities and the capabilities of each agent await clarification. Therefore, our study conceptualises the interplay between firm- and cluster-level activities and externalities for knowledge accumulation but also for the specification of technology. It remains particularly unclear how, why and by whom knowledge is aligned and ascribed to a specific sectoral innovation system. Empirically, this study contributes with several descriptive calculations of indices, e.g. knowledge stocks, GINI coefficients, Herfindahl indices, and Revealed Patent Advantage (RPA), which clearly underline a high spatial concentration of both mechanical engineering and biotechnology within a European NUTS2 sample for the last two decades. Conceptually, our paper matches the geography of innovation literature, innovation system theory, and new ideas related to the economics of standards. Therefore, it sheds light on the interplay between knowledge flows and externalities of cluster-specific populations and the agents? use of such knowledge, which is concentrated in space. We find that knowledge creation and standard-setting are cross-fertilising each other: although the spatial concentration of assets and high-skilled labour provides new opportunities to the firm, each firm?s knowledge stocks.need to be contextualised. The context in terms of ?use case? and ?knowledge biography? makes technologies (as represented in knowledge stocks) available for collaboration, but also clarifies relevance and ownership, in particular intellectual property concerns. Owing to this approach we propose a conceptualisation which contains both areas with inter- and intra-cluster focus. This proposal additionally concludes that spatial and technological proximity benefits standard-setting in high-tech and low-tech industries in very different ways. More precisely, the versatile tension between knowledge stocks, their evolution, and technical specification & implementation requires the conceptualisation and analysis of a non-linear process of standard-setting. Particularly, the use case of technologies is essential. Related to this approach, clusters strongly support the establishment of technology use cases in embryonic high-tech industries. Low-tech industries in contrast rather depend on approved knowledge stocks, whose dynamics provide better and fast accessible knowledge inputs within low-tech clusters.
Standard-setting and knowledge dynamics in innovation clusters
(2009) Christ, Julian P.; Slowak, André P.
Extensive research has been conducted on how firms and regions take advantage of spatially concentrated assets, and also why history matters to regional specialisation patterns. In brief, it seems that innovation clusters as a distinctive regional entity in international business and the geography of innovation are of increasing importance in STI policy, innovation systems and competitiveness studies. Recently, more and more research has contributed to an evolutionary perspective on collaboration in clusters. Nonetheless, the field of cluster or regional innovation systems remains a multidisciplinary field where the sate of the art is determined by the individual perspective (key concepts could, for example, be industrial districts, innovative clusters with reference to OECD, regional knowledge production, milieus & sticky knowledge, regional lock-ins & path dependencies, learning regions or sectoral innovation systems). According to our analysis, the research gap lies in both quantitative. comparative surveys and in-depth concepts of knowledge dynamics and cluster evolution. Therefore this paper emphasises the unchallenged in-depth characteristics of knowledge utilisation within a cluster's collaborative innovation activities. More precisely, it deals with knowledge dynamics in terms of matching different agents' knowledge stocks via knowledge flows, common technology specification (standard-setting), and knowledge spillovers. The means of open innovation and system boundaries for spatially concentrated agents in terms of knowledge opportunities and the capabilities of each agent await clarification. Therefore, our study conceptualises the interplay between firm- and cluster-level activities and externalities for knowledge accumulation but also for the specification of technology. It remains particularly unclear how, why and by whom knowledge is aligned and ascribed to a specific sectoral innovation system. Empirically, this study contributes with several descriptive calculations of indices, e.g. knowledge stocks, GINI coefficients, Herfindahl indices, and Revealed Patent Advantage (RPA). which clearly underline a high spatial concentration of both mechanical engineering and biotechnology within a European NUTS2 sample for the last two decades. Conceptually, our paper matches the geography of innovation literature, innovation system theory, and new ideas related to the economics of standards. Therefore. it sheds light on the interplay between knowledge flows and externalities of cluster-specific populations and the agents' use of such knowledge, which is concentrated in space. We find that knowledge creation and standard-setting are cross-fertilising each other: although the spatial concentration of assets and high-skilled labour provides new opportunities to the firm, each firm's knowledge stocks need to be contextualised. The context in terms of 'use case' and 'knowledge biography' makes technologies (as represented in knowledge stocks) available for collaboration, but also clarifies relevance and ownership, in particular intellectual property concerns. Owing to this approach we propose a conceptualisation which contains both areas with inter- and intra-cluster focus. This proposal additionally concludes that spatial and technological proximity benefits standard-setting in high-tech and low-tech industries in very different ways. More precisely, the versatile tension between knowledge stocks, their evolution. and technical specification & implementation requires the conceptualisation and analysis of a non-linear process of standard-setting. Particularly, the use case of technologies is essential. Related to this approach, clusters strongly support the establishment of technology use cases in embryonic high-tech industries. Low-tech industries in contrast rather depend on approved knowledge stocks, whose dynamics provide better and fast accessible knowledge inputs within low-tech clusters.
The geography and co-location of european technology-specific co-inventorship networks
(2010) Christ, Julian P.
This paper contributes with empirical findings to European co-inventorship location and geographical coincidence of co-patenting networks. Based on EPO co-patenting information for the reference period 2000-2004, we analyze the spatial configuration of 44 technology-specific co-inventorship networks. European co-inventorship (co-patenting) activity is spatially linked to 1259 European NUTS3 units (EU25+CH+NO) and their NUTS1 regions by inventor location. We extract 7.135.117 EPO co-patenting linkages from our own relational database that makes use of the OECD RegPAT (2009) files. The matching between international Patent Classification (IPC) subclasses and 44 technology fields is based on the ISI-SPRU-OST-concordance. We confirm the hypothesis that the 44 co-inventorship networks differ in their overall size (nodes, linkages, self-loops)and that they are dominated by similar groupings of regions. The paper offers statistical evidence for the presence of highly localized European co-inventorship networks for all 44 technology fields, as the majority of linkages between NUTS3 units (counties and districts) are within the same NUTS1 regions. Accordingly, our findings helps to understand general presence of positive spatial autocorrelation in regional patent data. Our analysis explicitly accounts for different network centrality measures (betweenness, degree, eigenvector). Spearman rank correlation coefficients for all 44 technology fields confirm that most co-patenting networks co-locate in those regions that are central in several technology-specfic co-patenting networks. These findings support the hypothesis that leading European regions are indeed multi-field network nodes and that most research collaboration is taking place in dense co-patenting networks.
The geography and co-location of european technology-specific co-inventorship networks
(2010) Christ, Julian P.
This paper contributes with empirical findings to European co-inventorship location and geographical coincidence of co-patenting networks. Based on EPO co-patenting information for the reference period 2000-2004, we analyze the spatial configuration of 44 technology-specific co-inventorship networks. European co-inventorship (co-patenting) activity is spatially linked to 1259 European NUTS3 units (EU25+CH+NO) and their NUTS1 regions by inventor location. We extract 7.135.117 EPO co-patenting linkages from our own relational database that makes use of the OECD RegPAT (2009) files. The matching between International Patent Classification (IPC) subclasses and 44 technology fields is based on the ISI-SPRU-OST-concordance. We confirm the hypothesis that the 44 co-inventorship networks differ in their overall size (nodes, linkages, self-loops) and that they are dominated by similar groupings of regions. The paper offers statistical evidence for the presence of highly localized European co-inventorship networks for all 44 technology fields, as the majority of linkages between NUTS3 units (counties and districts) are within the same NUTS1 regions. Accordingly, our findings helps to understand general presence of positive spatial autocorrelation in regional patent data. Our analysis explicitly accounts for different network centrality measures (betweenness, degree, eigenvector). Spearman rank correlation coefficients for all 44 technology fields confirm that most co-patenting networks co-locate in those regions that are central in several technology-specific co-patenting networks. These findings support the hypothesis that leading European regions are indeed multi-filed network nodes and that most research collaboration is taking place in dense co-patenting networks.
Varieties of systems of innovation : a survey of their evolution in growth theory and economic geography
(2007) Christ, Julian P.
The systems of innovation (SI) approach has been established and extended during the last two decades. Although elementary goals and progress have been reached through seminal contributions by Freeman (1987), Lundvall (1992) or Nelson (1993), in designing a generic approach, displaying the dynamics of collaboration, networking and interactive learning, criticism has been raised that systems of innovation are still ?undertheorized?. The objective of this paper is to describe briefly the historical evolution of the SI concept within the academic literature and the policy sphere. This review primarily attempts to highlight some of the most important contributions that strongly assisted to the framework, by providing more consistency and a more theory-oriented perspective. Consequently, the system concept itself seems to be a kind of ?boundary object?. Within both, the academic and the policy field, different levels of conceptualization have been challenged and advanced in the course of time. These conceptualizations basically differ in their scale of analysis, taking geographical perspectives, technologies or sectoral classifications as foci for theorizing and empirical research. Despite these substantial levels of research, the SI framework is increasingly challenged, analyzed and extended in the context of globalization. As a result, regarding the openness and flexibility of the SI approach, this paper particularly tries to focus on the difficulties of contemporary research in defining functional and spatial boundaries in theory and empirical research. Agglomeration tendencies, knowledge externalities and localized learning are primarily based upon the concepts of knowledge diffusion, tacit knowledge and proximity. In spite of that, ICT and global business linkages foster inter-regional and transborder knowledge flows. Thus, knowledge diffusion is also related to international and global ?pipelines? that could support, strengthen and reinforce localized learning.
Why Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD is not VHS vs. Betamax : the co-evolution of standard-setting consortia
(2009) Slowak, André P.; Christ, Julian P.
Extensive research has been conducted on the economics of standards in the last three decades. To date, standard-setting studies emphasize a superior role of demand-side-driven technology diffusion; these contributions assume the evolution of a user-driven momentum and network externalities. We find that consumers wait for a dominant standard if they are unable to evaluate technological supremacy. Thus, supply-side driven activities necessarily need to address an absence of demand-side technology adoption. Our paper focuses on Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD as an illustrative case of consortia standard wars. One central role of consortia is to coordinate strategic behavior between heterogeneous agents, e.g. incumbents, complementors (content providers) and others, but also to form a coalition against other standard candidates. More precisely, we argue for signalizing activities through consortia events. We depict the essential role of consortia structures for the recently determined standard war between the High-Definition disc specifications Blu-ray and HD-DVD. Therefore, the paper suggests that unique supply-side dynamics from consortia structures, consortia announcements and exclusive backing decisions of firms determined the standard-setting process in the Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD standard war. This study is based on the following data: movie releases and sales numbers, membership affiliation for structural consortia analysis, and an in-depth event study. A detailed comparison of the technological specifications of both standard specifications supports our argument that there was no technological supremacy of one standard candidate from a consumer-oriented usecase perspective. We furthermore clarify that content providers (complementors) such as movie studios and movie rental services feature a gate-keeping position in the Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD standard war. In the case of Blu-ray, film studios decided the standard war because the availability of movie releases, but not technological supremacy, made the standard attractive to consumers. Finally, we find that there is a co-evolution of the consortia in terms of membership dynamics. Particularly, firm allegiance of heterogeneous agents plays a crucial role.
Why blu-ray vs. HD-DVD is not VHS vs. Betamax : the co-evolution of standard-setting consortia
(2009) Christ, Julian P.; Slowak, André P.
Extensive research has been conducted on the economics of standards in the last three decades. To date, standard-setting studies emphasize a superior role of demand-side-driven technology diffusion; these contributions assume the evolution of a user-driven momentum and network externalities. We find that consumers wait for a dominant standard if they are unable to evaluate technological supremacy. Thus, supply-side-driven activities necessarily need to address an absence of demand-side technology adoption. Our paper focuses on Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD as an illustrative case of consortia standard wars. One central role of consortia is to coordinate strategic behavior between heterogeneous agents, e.g. incumbents, complementors (content providers) and others, but also to form a coalition against other standard candidates. More precisely, we argue that agents signal standard-setting war outcomes through consortia events. We depict the essential role of consortia structures for the recently determined standard war between the High-Definition disc specifications Blu-ray and HD-DVD. Therefore, the paper suggests that unique supply-side dynamics from consortia structures, consortia announcements and exclusive backing decisions of firms determined the standard-setting process in the Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD standard war. This study is based on the following data: movie releases and sales numbers, membership affiliation for structural consortia analysis, and an in-depth event study. A detailed comparison of the technological specifications of both standard specifications supports our argument that there was no technological supremacy of one standard candidate from a consumer-oriented usecase perspective. We furthermore clarify that content providers (complementors) such as movie studios and movie rental services feature a gate-keeping position in the Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD standard war. In the case of Blu-ray, film studios decided the standard war because the availability of movie releases, but not technological supremacy, made the standard attractive to consumers. Finally, we find that there is a co-evolution of the consortia in terms of membership dynamics. Particularly, firm allegiance of heterogeneous agents plays a crucial role.