Browsing by Person "Dier, Markus"

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Analyse von Wachstum und Qualität von Weizen unter ansteigender CO2 Konzentration als Folge des Klimawandels
(2019) Dier, Markus; Zörb, Christian
The atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to increase to 500–620 ppm in the future. Such an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) increases grain yield, but can decrease tissue N concentrations by about 9% in wheat. This could endanger global food security. Moreover, in previous studies, a decrease of grain N concentration by e[CO2] has closely been associated with that of gluten proteins, indicating a decreased baking quality under e[CO2]. The mechanisms by which e[CO2] decreases N concentration are still unclear and FACE studies investigating CO2 x N interactions on the formation of grain yield and the quality of winter wheat are scarce. The first main objective was the analysis of a decreased N concentration in the grain by e[CO2] in winter wheat based on a two-year FACE experiment with widely differing N levels (35 to 320 kg N ha-1) and different N forms (NO3- and NH4+). The focus was on key processes of grain N acquisition that are leaf NO3- assimilation, N remobilization and post-anthesis N uptake. The hypotheses were: e[CO2] inhibits leaf NO3- assimilation, e[CO2] decreases N remobilization (Nrem) by decreased N concentrations at anthesis and e[CO2] decreases post-anthesis N uptake (Nabs) by inhibition of leaf NO3- assimilation or acceleration of senescence. The second main objective was the simultaneous analysis of the e[CO2] effect on the grain proteome and baking quality with the hypothesis that e[CO2] reduces gluten proteins and thereby baking quality. e[CO2] increased grain yield in all N levels by 10% to 17% mainly through enhanced grain number per m2 ground area. This was due to increased radiation use efficiency (chapter 2). These increases were smaller under N deficiency compared with high N supply. The reasons were a reduction of photosynthesis capacity by e[CO2] and a sink limitation concerning grain yield due to N deficiency during ear growth. The indication for the reduction of photosynthesis capacity was a decrease of leaf N concentration under e[CO2] regardless of green leaf area index under N deficiency. An indication for sink limitation of grain yield was the decrease of harvest index by e[CO2] because of a strong and small stimulation of stem and ear growth, respectively by e[CO2]. Grain N yield was increased by e[CO2] under all N levels (chapter 3). There was a strong linear relation between grain N yield and grain number that was unaffected by e[CO2]. In contrast with the hypotheses of an decreased Nrem and Nabs under e[CO2], e[CO2] resulted in an increase of Nrem, Nrem efficiency and Nabs, causing the increase of grain N yield. Nevertheless, e[CO2] slightly decreased grain N concentration (by 1 to 6%), whereby the smallest effect of 1% was found under N deficiency. This decrease was primarily related to a growth dilution effect due to an increased individual grain weight under e[CO2]. A further reason was a stronger increase of grain number than an increase of vegetative N yield at anthesis by e[CO2] and thereby a decrease of the ratio between the N source and the N sink. Indication for an e[CO2] induced inhibition of leaf NO3- assimilation was not found as e[CO2] did not result in a decreased activity of leaf nitrate reductase under all N levels at both cool (17 °C) and warm (28 °C) temperatures (chapter 4). Furthermore, the e[CO2] induced stimulation of growth and N acquisition was not stronger under NH4+ compared with NO3- based N-fertilization. Reduction of grain protein concentration by e[CO2] was associated with reduced albumin/globulin and gluten concentrations under all N levels (chapter 5). Under optimal N supply, the grain protein composition was changed by e[CO2] with altogether 19 decreased and 17 increased protein spots. 15 out of the 16 identified decreased proteins were globulins, whereas specific gluten proteins were not found to be affected by e[CO2]. Correspondingly, baking quality remained unaffected under e[CO2] under all N conditions. In conclusion, grain N yields were increased by e[CO2] due to an increase of Nrem and Nabs with grain number being the driving force. Grain N concentrations were slightly reduced under e[CO2] with a growth dilution effect and a changed source to sink ratio as the underlying mechanisms. The reduction of the grain N concentration by e[CO2] was not specifically associated with a reduction of gluten proteins.
Drought stress during anthesis alters grain protein composition and improves bread quality in field-grown Iranian and German wheat genotypes
(2021) Rekowski, Azin; Wimmer, Monika A.; Tahmasebi, Sirous; Dier, Markus; Kalmbach, Sarah; Hitzmann, Bernd; Zörb, Christian
Drought stress is playing an increasingly important role in crop production due to climate change. To investigate the effects of drought stress on protein quantity and quality of wheat, two Iranian (Alvand, Mihan) and four German (Impression, Discus, Rumor, Hybery) winter wheat genotypes, representing different quality classes and grain protein levels, were grown under field conditions in Eqlid (Iran) during the 2018–2019 growing season. Drought stress was initiated by interrupting field irrigation during the anthesis phase at two different stress levels. Drought stress at anthesis did not significantly change total grain protein concentration in any of the wheat genotypes. Similarly, concentrations of grain storage protein sub-fractions of albumin/globulin, gliadin and glutenin were unaltered in five of the six genotypes. However, analysis of protein sub-fractions by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a consistent significant increase in ω-gliadins with increasing drought stress. Higher levels of HMW glutenins and a reduction in LMW-C glutenins were observed exclusively under severe drought stress in German genotypes. The drought-induced compositional change correlated positively with the specific bread volume, and was mainly associated with an increase in ω-gliadins and with a slight increase in HMW glutenins. Despite the generally lower HMW glutenin concentrations of the Iranian genotypes and no effect of drought on the concentration of HMW sub-fraction, there was still high specific bread volume under drought. It is suggested that for the development of new wheat cultivars adapted to these challenging climatic conditions, the protein composition should be considered in addition to the yield and grain protein concentration.