Browsing by Person "Feistel, Kerstin"

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Determination of Laterality in the Rabbit Embryo: Studies on Ciliation and Asymmetric Signal Transfer
(2007) Feistel, Kerstin; Blum, Martin
The midline of the vertebrate embryo plays a pivotal role in the regulation of left-right (LR) asymmetry. In mammals recent interest has focused on a structure situated at the caudal part of the notochord, the posterior notochord (PNC), which is homologous to Kupffer?s vesicle (KV) in fish and the gastrocoel roof plate (GRP) in frog. Despite highly diverging embryonic architecture, the PNC/KV/GRP is the site where motile monocilia set up a directional fluid flow, an event indispensable for the generation of LR asymmetry. Signals created at the PNC/KV/GRP need to be transferred to the periphery of the embryo, where they initiate the left-specifying program in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). In this study morphogenesis and ciliogenesis of the notochordal plate as well as the signaling processes between midline and LPM were studied in the rabbit embryo. Rabbit development progresses through a flat blastodisc phase and represents the typical mode of mammalian embryogenesis. Transcription of ciliary marker genes, the first sign of beginning ciliogenesis, initiated in Hensen?s node and persisted in the nascent notochord. Cilia emerged on cells leaving Hensen?s node anteriorly to form the notochordal plate. Cilia lengthened to about 5µm and polarized from an initially central position to the posterior pole of cells. Electron microscopic analysis revealed 9+0 and 9+2 cilia and a novel 9+4 axoneme intermingled in a salt-and-pepper-like fashion. These data showed that the ciliogenic gene program essential for laterality determination is conserved at the midline of the rabbit embryo. The present study also provided evidence that initiation as well as repression of the Nodal cascade crucially depended on communication between midline and lateral plate (LP). Separation of LP tissue from the midline before, during and after the 2 somite stage demonstrated that signals from the PNC induced and maintained the competence of LPM to express Nodal. Signals from the midline were necessary after the 2 somite stage to maintain a right-sided identity, i.e. absence of Nodal expression. Gap-junction-dependent intercellular communication (GJC) was shown to play a central role in this process. Previously, GJC had been involved in LR axis determination in cleavage stage frog embryos and early blastodisc stages in chick. This study for the first time demonstrates the role of GJC in mammalian embryos. GJs regulate the signaling between midline and periphery: permeable gap junctions were required specifically at the 2 somite stage to repress Nodal induction in the right LPM, whereas closed GJs were a prerequisite for Nodal signaling on the left side. Establishment of the right-sided fate depended on FGF8, the signaling of which was regulated by the opening status of GJs. A 3-step model is proposed for symmetry breakage and induction of the LR signaling cascade in vertebrates: (1) Nodal protein synthesized at the lateral edges of the PNC diffuses bilaterally and confers competence for the induction of the Nodal cascade to the LPM, (2) at the same time the left-specific cascade is actively repressed by action of the GJC/FGF8 module, and (3) following the onset of leftward flow at the PNC repression gets released specifically on the left side at the 2 somite stage, presumably by transient inhibition of GJC. This model not only is consistent with the presented data, but also with published work in other model organisms.
Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function
(2023) Gopalakrishnan, Jay; Feistel, Kerstin; Friedrich, Benjamin M; Grapin‐Botton, Anne; Jurisch‐Yaksi, Nathalie; Mass, Elvira; Mick, David U; Müller, Roman‐Ulrich; May‐Simera, Helen; Schermer, Bernhard; Schmidts, Miriam; Walentek, Peter; Wachten, Dagmar
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context‐dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell‐ and tissue‐specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
Entstehung und Morphogenese des Vorderhirns - Die Rolle des mit Mikrotubuli assoziierten Proteins Hmmr in Xenopus laevis
(2020) Nickel, Angela; Feistel, Kerstin
The anlage of the central nervous system is formed during early embryonic development. The neuroectoderm establishes the neural plate which folds up to form the neural tube, a process that requires extensive cell rearrangements. During further embryogenesis the anterior part of the neural tube develops into the brain while the posterior part forms the spinal cord. Disturbances during neural tube closure (NTC) lead to severe developmental aberrations. Occurrence of specific neural tube defects indicates a distinct regulation of NTC along the anterior-posterior axis. For example, the severe malformation craniorachischisis is characterized by a failure to close the neural tube from hindbrain levels onwards, while the forebrain region develops normally. This distinct regulation presents itself in the wildtype in a delay between cranial and caudal NTC. While the mechanisms leading to posterior NTC are quite well understood, the morphological processes at the future forebrain level are largely unknown. The aim of this dissertation was to identify cell and tissue morphogenetic processes which are required for the formation and development of the anterior neural tube. As the underlying changes in cell shape as well as cell migration depend on the regulation of the cytoskeleton, the role of the microtubule-associated protein Hmmr was analyzed in the model organism Xenopus laevis. HMMR is a breast cancer susceptibility gene with described roles mainly in the tumor context, regulating cell motility and maintenance of mitotic spindle integrity. In Xenopus, gain as well as loss of function of hmmr delayed NTC and led to defects during further forebrain development. Loss of hmmr impaired separation of telencephalic hemispheres, resembling the human malformation “middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly”. Failure of ventricle separation could be traced back to disturbed roof plate formation. This was due to impaired NTC resulting from a lack of neural cell convergence. Tissue convergence at the forebrain level is mediated by radial intercalation (RI). During the required regulation of cell polarization and elongation via the microtubule cytoskeleton, hmmr cooperated with the core component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway vangl2, which had been solely characterized as a factor for posterior NTC so far. In addition, experiments with hmmr deletion constructs missing functional domains at the amino- and/or carboxyl-terminus, revealed that elongation and intercalation are distinct processes which are regulated differentially via specific domains of Hmmr. RI required direct binding of Hmmr to microtubules, suggesting that Hmmr influences intercalation movements by regulating dynamic instability of microtubules. RI is essential for mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), a physiological morpho- genetic process, which is also involved in establishing tumor metastases in a pathological context. MET is regulated by concerted interaction of canonical Wnt / beta-Catenin and non- canonical Wnt / PCP signaling. Further tissue-specific loss of function experiments uncovered a general role for hmmr in Wnt-modulated RI / MET processes during gastrulation as well as during pronephros and tailbud development in Xenopus. The results suggest that Hmmr regulates microtubule dynamics. Since canonical as well as non-canonical Wnt signaling have been associated with microtubules, hmmr could act as a molecular switch to regulate the activity and interplay of two signaling pathways. This thesis thus identified a new physiological role for the microtubule-binding protein Hmmr, which up to now had been mainly studied in the cancer context. It was shown that Hmmr-mediated RI is a major driving force for anterior NTC. In addition, Hmmr was identified as an essential regulator of microtubule-dependent Wnt signaling in MET processes.
Intracellular regulation of Wnt and FGF signal transduction by the late endosomal compartment in Xenopus laevis
(2022) Kreis, Jennifer; Feistel, Kerstin
The endosomal network depicts a vast playground of multiple processing capabilities in terms of signaling. Distinct compartments of the endosomal machinery exert specific functions and thus contribute in signal termination, transduction, attenuation or amplification. Initially, these functions were attributed to early endosomes but recent research likewise considers late endosomes to be just as relevant in mediating such processes. Functionality as well as the molecular identity of these intracellular membranous platforms are orchestrated by a large superfamily of small Ras like GTPases. The collected data of this study particularly highlight the involvement of late endosomes and its associated regulator Rab7 in the early development of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. In particular, the first two chapters address the Rab7-dependent specification of the mesodermal germ layer by regulating intracellular pathway activity of Wnt and FGF/MAPK signaling. After fertilization formation of the germ layers is one of the first processes to be initiated. An essential part of mesoderm development comprises subdivision into different mesodermal regions, thus clustering it into ventrolateral and dorsal mesoderm. This patterning is crucial to promote further differentiation into various tissues arising from the mesodermal germ layer. It turned out, Rab7 regulates ventrolateral fates in a Wnt-dependent manner. The small GTPase exerts its function upstream of the Wnt co-transcription factor Ctnnb1 to ensure its nuclear relocalization. In addition to that, Rab7-positive endosomes are likewise required to mediate intracellular FGF/MAPK signal transduction in order to specify dorsal mesoderm. Here, Rab7 regulates proper signaling at the level or downstream of Ras and upstream of Erk/Mapk1. The last chapter then elicits further regulative properties of the late endosomal platform, concerning Cd63 function. The tetraspanin Cd63, which constitutes a transmembrane protein, associates with late endolysosomal compartments and exhibits a similar expression pattern like the small GTPase Rab7 in Xenopus laevis. Contrary to Rab7, function of Cd63 seems to be dispensable whilst gastrulation. However, the presented studies in this chapter suggest a vital function of the tetraspanin Cd63 during axial elongation and correct eye development. Therefore, these investigations regarding Cd63 demonstrated an involvement of the regulative function of late endosomes as signaling platforms for embryonic development beyond mesoderm specification and gastrulation. Overall, the summarized data of this study provides further insights into the determining capacity of Rab7-positive endosomal platforms in intracellular signal transduction of different pathways during early embryonic development.
The role of the actin binding protein Calponin2 during embryonic development of Xenopus laevis
(2021) Mantino, Sabrina Maria; Feistel, Kerstin
Despite the abundant variability among adult vertebrate body plans, the developmental steps transforming the single zygote into a multicellular organism of remarkable complexity, are evolutionary highly conserved. Morphogenetic processes such as gastrulation, neural tube closure, body axis extension, neural crest cell migration and organogenesis are thereby at the heart of embryogenesis. Especially the formation of a closed neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system, constitutes a fundamental event. Neural tube closure is achieved by convergent extension movements and by apical constriction of neuroepithelial cells. Along with proceeding neurulation, cranial neural cells start to delaminate from the neuroepithelial border. In order to initiate directed migration movements, neural crest cells require polarised cell protrusions and mediate mechanical forces. Changes in cell shape and motility underlying neural tube closure and neural crest cell migration are controlled by specific regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. How these actin dynamics and the myosin-mediated contraction of actin networks are precisely coordinated is not fully understood. In this context, actin filament-associated proteins play an important role for the structural organisation of different actin network types. Calponins constitute an evolutionary highly conserved family of F-actin binding proteins, which are able to influence actin-myosin dynamics and to stabilise actin filaments. Previous studies already demonstrated a role of Calponin proteins in smooth muscle contraction, cell motility and phagocytosis. Vertebrates possess three Calponin isoforms, each displaying specific expression patterns and functions. Calponin2 is expressed in a variety of cell types and several studies performed in vitro indicated that Calponin2 is important for mechanical tension mediation during the course of cell migration. In the early embryo of Xenopus laevis, calponin2 is expressed in tissues that undergo extensive morphogenetic movements and cell migration. This implies an elemental role of Calponin2 for respective morphogenetic steps during embryonic development of this well-established model organism. Within the scope of the present work, the specific function of Calponin2 for dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton was analysed more closely. Localisation of the protein, by utilising a tagged construct, was shown in neural plate cells as well as in migrating neural crest cells. In both cell types, regulated protein degradation occurred, which led to specific expression restricted to the apex of constricting neural plate cells or to forming lamellipodia. Thus, tagged Calponin2 localised to regions of the actin cortex. Loss of Calponin2 function led to defects in neural crest cell specification and migration as well as in convergent extension and apical constriction within the neural plate. All induced phenotypes were rescued by additional calponin2 mRNA injection. In summary, these data demonstrated a specific function of Calponin2 for correct formation of the neural crest as well as for neural tube closure. Furthermore, the precise regulation of protein expression levels, which directly correlated with correct Calponin2 function, was dependent on specific domains that potentially mediate actin-binding. Clik1, Clik2 and the C-terminus were identified as a critical unit regulating protein degradation, both in neural crest cells and neural plate cells. Additionally, it was shown that Calponin2 function for neural apical constriction depends on each of these domains as well. Overall, the degradation of Calponin2, regulated via its F-actin binding, implies a filament stabilising function. Thus, a temporospatial coordination of protein degradation would be necessary to enable dynamic changes of the actin cytoskeleton by a regulated release of actin filaments and to allow the association of other structural effectors during morphogenetic processes of early vertebrate development.