Browsing by Person "Lange, Diego"

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Profiling the molecular destruction rates of temperature and humidity as well as the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the convective boundary layer
(2024) Wulfmeyer, Volker; Senff, Christoph; Späth, Florian; Behrendt, Andreas; Lange, Diego; Banta, Robert M.; Brewer, W. Alan; Wieser, Andreas; Turner, David D.
A simultaneous deployment of Doppler, temperature, and water-vapor lidars is able to provide profiles of molecular destruction rates and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the convective boundary layer (CBL). Horizontal wind profiles and profiles of vertical wind, temperature, and moisture fluctuations are combined, and transversal temporal autocovariance functions (ACFs) are determined for deriving the dissipation and molecular destruction rates. These are fundamental loss terms in the TKE as well as the potential temperature and mixing ratio variance equations. These ACFs are fitted to their theoretical shapes and coefficients in the inertial subrange. Error bars are estimated by a propagation of noise errors. Sophisticated analyses of the ACFs are performed in order to choose the correct range of lags of the fits for fitting their theoretical shapes in the inertial subrange as well as for minimizing systematic errors due to temporal and spatial averaging and micro- and mesoscale circulations. We demonstrate that we achieve very consistent results of the derived profiles of turbulent variables regardless of whether 1 or 10 s time resolutions are used. We also show that the temporal and spatial length scales of the fluctuations in vertical wind, moisture, and potential temperature are similar with a spatial integral scale of ≈160 m at least in the mixed layer (ML). The profiles of the molecular destruction rates show a maximum in the interfacial layer (IL) and reach values of ϵm≃7×10-4 g2 kg-2 s-1 for mixing ratio and ϵθ≃1.6×10-3 K2 s-1 for potential temperature. In contrast, the maximum of the TKE dissipation is reached in the ML and amounts to ≃10-2 m2 s-3. We also demonstrate that the vertical wind ACF coefficient kw∝w′2‾ and the TKE dissipation ϵ∝w′2‾3/2. For the molecular destruction rates, we show that ϵm∝m′2‾w′2‾1/2 and ϵθ∝θ′2‾w′2‾1/2. These equations can be used for parameterizations of ϵ, ϵm, and ϵθ. All noise error bars are derived by error propagation and are small enough to compare the results with previous observations and large-eddy simulations. The results agree well with previous observations but show more detailed structures in the IL. Consequently, the synergy resulting from this new combination of active remote sensors enables the profiling of turbulent variables such as integral scales, variances, TKE dissipation, and the molecular destruction rates as well as deriving relationships between them. The results can be used for the parameterization of turbulent variables, TKE budget analyses, and the verification of large-eddy simulations.
The ATMONSYS water vapor DIAL: advanced measurements of short-term variability in the planetary boundary layer
(2025) Speidel, Johannes; Vogelmann, Hannes; Behrendt, Andreas; Lange, Diego; Mauder, Matthias; Reichardt, Jens; Wolz, Kevin
High-resolution measurements of water vapor concentrations and their transport throughout the turbulent planetary boundary layer (PBL) and beyond are key for an enhanced understanding of atmospheric processes. This study presents data from the mobile Atmospheric Monitoring System (ATMONSYS) Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), operated with a novel titanium sapphire (Ti:Sa) laser concept, for the first time. The ATMONSYS DIAL aims to resolve turbulence throughout the PBL with a sampling frequency of 10 sand vertical resolutions of less than 200 m. General measuring capabilities during high-noon, clear-sky, summer conditions with a maximum vertical measurement range of >3 km and statistical uncertainties of <5 % are demonstrated. The analysis of turbulence spectra shows good agreement with Kolmogorov's law, demonstrating the system's capability to resolve turbulence. However, deviations from Kolmogorov behavior are observed at certain frequency ranges. By combining the ATMONSYS DIAL with an adjacent high-quality Doppler wind lidar, some of these deviations are mitigated in the co-spectra due to independent noise from both instruments. However, intermediate deviations from Kolmogorov behavior persist, likely due to surrounding surface heterogeneities. The agreement of the co-spectra with Kolmogorov's law at the highest frequencies demonstrates that the ATMONSYS DIAL is capable of resolving turbulent latent energy fluxes down to the measurement's Nyquist frequency of 5×10-2Hz. A system cross-intercomparison of the ATMONSYS DIAL with two adjacent water vapor Raman lidars and radiosondes shows overall good agreement between the sensors, despite minor DIAL deficiencies under certain conditions with broken clouds passing over the lidar. The observed profile-to-profile DIAL fluctuations and sensor-to-sensor deviations, in combination with low statistical uncertainty, highlight the advantage of humidity lidars, such as the ATMONSYS DIAL, in capturing both short-term and small-scale dynamics of the lowermost atmosphere.