Browsing by Person "Poll, Christian"

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Formation of mineral‐associated organic matter in temperate soils is primarily controlled by mineral type and modified by land use and management intensity
(2023) Bramble, De Shorn E.; Ulrich, Susanne; Schöning, Ingo; Mikutta, Robert; Brandt, Luise; Poll, Christian; Kandeler, Ellen; Mikutta, Christian; Konrad, Alexander; Siemens, Jan; Yang, Yang; Polle, Andrea; Schall, Peter; Ammer, Christian; Kaiser, Klaus; Schrumpf, Marion
Formation of mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) supports the accumulation and stabilization of carbon (C) in soil, and thus, is a key factor in the global C cycle. Little is known about the interplay of mineral type, land use and management intensity in MAOM formation, especially on subdecadal time scales. We exposed mineral containers with goethite or illite, the most abundant iron oxide and phyllosilicate clay in temperate soils, for 5 years in topsoils of 150 forest and 150 grassland sites in three regions across Germany. Results show that irrespective of land use and management intensity, more C accumulated on goethite than illite (on average 0.23 ± 0.10 and 0.06 ± 0.03 mg m−2 mineral surface respectively). Carbon accumulation across regions was consistently higher in coniferous forests than in deciduous forests and grasslands. Structural equation models further showed that thinning and harvesting reduced MAOM formation in forests. Formation of MAOM in grasslands was not affected by grazing. Fertilization had opposite effects on MAOM formation, with the positive effect being mediated by enhanced plant productivity and the negative effect by reduced plant species richness. This highlights the caveat of applying fertilizers as a strategy to increase soil C stocks in temperate grasslands. Overall, we demonstrate that the rate and amount of MAOM formation in soil is primarily driven by mineral type, and can be modulated by land use and management intensity even on subdecadal time scales. Our results suggest that temperate soils dominated by oxides have a higher capacity to accumulate and store C than those dominated by phyllosilicate clays, even under circumneutral pH conditions. Therefore, adopting land use and management practices that increase C inputs into oxide-rich soils that are under their capacity to store C may offer great potential to enhance near-term soil C sequestration.
The need to decipher plant drought stress along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
(2023) Schweiger, Andreas H.; Zimmermann, Telse; Poll, Christian; Marhan, Sven; Leyrer, Vinzent; Berauer, Bernd J.
Lacking comparability among rainfall manipulation studies is still a major limiting factor for generalizations in ecological climate change impact research. A common framework for studying ecological drought effects is urgently needed to foster advances in ecological understanding the effects of drought. In this study, we argue, that the soil–plant–atmosphere‐continuum (SPAC), describing the flow of water from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere, can serve as a holistic concept of drought in rainfall manipulation experiments which allows for the reconciliation experimental drought ecology. Using experimental data, we show that investigations of leaf water potential in combination with edaphic and atmospheric drought – as the three main components of the SPAC – are key to understand the effect of drought on plants. Based on a systematic literature survey, we show that especially plant and atmospheric based drought quantifications are strongly underrepresented and integrative assessments of all three components are almost absent in current experimental literature. Based on our observations we argue, that studying dynamics of plant water status in the framework of the SPAC can foster comparability of different studies conducted in different ecosystems and with different plant species and can facilitate extrapolation to other systems, species or future climates.
Release of glucose from dissolved and mineral‐bound organic matter by enzymatic hydrolysis
(2023) Lenhardt, Katharina R.; Brandt, Luise; Poll, Christian; Rennert, Thilo; Kandeler, Ellen
Sorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by poorly crystalline minerals during their formation may protect large amounts of carbon in soils from mineralization. We investigated the bioavailability of carbohydrates in DOM and after co-precipitation with short-range ordered aluminosilicates. Carbohydrates originated from soil solutions collected in situ at two depths of a Dystric Cambisol, and from litter extracts. Quantification of substrate-specific degradability was achieved by the addition of β-glucosidase at an optimal concentration and subsequent determination of glucose release. Depending on DOM composition, 0.6–41.4 mg g−1 C−1 of glucose was enzymatically released from dissolved carbohydrates. Co-precipitated carbohydrates were partially accessible, resulting in a glucose release of 0.7–5.2 mg g−1 C−1. Restricted enzymatic depolymerization due to co-precipitation may contribute to accumulation of easily degradable substrates in soils.
Substrate availability affects abundance and function of soil microorganisms in the detritusphere
(2008) Poll, Christian; Kandeler, Ellen
Plant litter is the major source of soil organic carbon (SOC). Its decomposition plays a pivotal role in nutrient recycling and influences ecosystem functioning and structure. Soil microorganisms are the main protagonists of litter decomposition. Among other factors, their activity is controlled by the physicochemical conditions of the soil. This interaction is strongly influenced by the soil structure, resulting in a heterogeneous distribution of microorganisms, substrates and physicochemical conditions at the small-scale. Due to this heterogeneity, microhabitats differ in their decomposition rate of organic C. Considering microhabitat diversity is therefore important for understanding C turnover. In the detritusphere, plant litter closely interacts with the soil by releasing soluble C into the adjacent soil and providing new sites for microorganisms. The abundant readily available substrates characterise the detritusphere as a hot spot of microbial activity and C turnover. Despite the important role of this microhabitat, the interaction of physicochemical conditions with soil microorganisms remains unclear. This thesis was designed to clarify the effect of litter C transport on the spatial and temporal availability of substrates and therefore on microbial abundance and activity in the detritusphere. This goal was addressed in three studies. The first study focused on the influence of solute transport conditions on microbial activity and substrate utilisation by the microbial community. In two 2-week microcosm experiments, diffusion and convection were considered as transport mechanisms; both mechanisms were studied at two different water contents. The second study aimed to identify temporal patterns of diffusive solute transport and microbial activity at two water contents during an 84-day incubation. Both studies emphasised the important role of fungi in the detritusphere. The third study therefore identified fungi that benefit from freshly added litter. The three studies combined classical soil biological methods and modern techniques. Analysis of microbial biomass, ergosterol content, CO2 production, and enzyme activities provided general information on the mineralisation of litter C as well as on microbial activity and abundance. A convective-diffusive solute transport model with a first-order decay was used to interpret enzyme activity profiles. This allowed the underlying factors determining the spatial dimension of the detritusphere to be identified. By adding plant residues with a different 13C signature than the SOC, it was possible to quantify the transport of litter C into different C pools. The incorporation litter C into different microbial groups, for example, was traced by coupling of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) extraction with 13C analysis. Fungal species were identified by constructing clone libraries based on 18S rDNA and subsequent sequencing. The results of the first study indicated that the transport rate of soluble substrates determines the spatial dimension of the detritusphere, with an enlarged detritusphere after convective versus diffusive transport. The isotopic ratios of bacterial and fungal PLFAs differed under both transport mechanisms, indicating different substrate utilisation strategies: bacteria relied on the small-scale transport of substrates, whereas fungi assimilated new C directly in the litter layer. Water content affected only diffusive C transport and modified the temporal pattern of microbial activity by enhancing transport at higher soil water content. The expected chronological order of C transport, microbial growth and enzyme release was verified in the second and third study. During the first two weeks, mainly easily available and soluble litter compounds were mineralised and transported into the adjacent soil. After this initial phase, depolymerisation of complex litter compounds started. During the initial phase, enhanced C transport induced greater microbial biomass and activity, and increased fungal diversity. During the later phase, however, substrate availability and microbial activity were reduced. Measurements of microbial biomass C and ergosterol indicated that the initial phase was dominated by bacterial r strategists, whereas fungal K strategists dominated the later phase. Sequencing of fungal 18S rDNA detected a shift in the fungal community during the initial phase, pointing to growth of pioneer colonisers, especially Mortierellaceae. These fungi do not produce ergosterol and therefore were not detected by the ergosterol measurements. Accordingly, the r strategists consist of both bacteria and fungi. During the later phase, the fungal community was dominated by the cellulose-degrading fungus Trichocladium asperum. Based on these results, the original concept was modified and a two-phase conceptual model of litter C turnover and microbial response in the detritusphere was developed. In conclusion, this thesis yields new insight into litter decomposition at the small-scale. Combining classical methods with modern techniques enabled the development of a conceptual model of litter C turnover and microbial response in the detritusphere. This provides a useful basis for future studies addressing, for example, the impact of global change on the interaction of decomposition and soil microorganisms.