Browsing by Person "Wasike, Chrilukovian B."

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Genetic and non‐genetic factors influencing KLH binding natural antibodies and specific antibody response to Newcastle disease in Kenyan chicken populations
(2022) Miyumo, Sophie; Wasike, Chrilukovian B.; Ilatsia, Evans D.; Bennewitz, Jörn; Chagunda, Mizeck G. G.
This study aimed at investigating the influence of genetic and non‐genetic factors on immune traits to inform on possibilities of genetic improvement of disease resistance traits in local chicken of Kenya. Immune traits such as natural and specific antibodies are considered suitable indicators of an individual's health status and consequently, used as indicator traits of disease resistance. In this study, natural antibodies binding to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH‐NAbs) was used to measure general disease resistance. Specific antibodies binding to Newcastle disease virus (NDV‐IgG) post vaccination was used to measure specific disease resistance. Titers of KLH‐NAbs isotypes (KLH‐IgM, KLH‐IgG and KLH‐IgA) and NDV‐IgG were measured in 1,540 chickens of different ages ranging from 12 to 56 weeks. A general linear model was fitted to determine the effect of sex, generation, population type, phylogenetic cluster, line, genotype and age on the antibody traits. A multivariate animal mixed model was fitted to estimate heritability and genetic correlations among the antibody traits. The model constituted of non‐genetic factors found to have a significant influence on the antibody traits as fixed effects, and animal and residual effects as random variables. Overall mean (±SE) concentration levels for KLH‐IgM, KLH‐IgG, KLH‐IgA and NDV‐IgG were 10.33 ± 0.04, 9.08 ± 0.02, 6.00 ± 0.02 and 10.12 ± 0.03, respectively. Sex, generation and age (linear covariate) significantly (p < 0.05) influenced variation across all the antibody traits. Genotype effects (p < 0.05) were present in all antibody traits, apart from KLH‐IgA. Interaction between generation and line was significant (p < 0.05) in KLH‐IgM and NDV‐IgG while nesting phylogenetic cluster within population significantly (p < 0.05) influenced all antibody traits, apart from KLH‐IgA. Heritability estimates for KLH‐IgM, KLH‐IgG, KLH‐IgA and NDV‐IgG were 0.28 ± 0.08, 0.14 ± 0.06, 0.07 ± 0.04 and 0.31 ± 0.06, respectively. There were positive genetic correlations (0.40–0.61) among the KLH‐NAbs while negative genetic correlations (−0.26 to −0.98) were observed between the KLH‐NAbs and NDV‐IgG. Results from this study indicate that non‐genetic effects due to biological and environmental factors influence natural and specific antibodies and should be accounted for to reduce bias and improve accuracy when evaluating the traits. Subsequently, the moderate heritability estimates in KLH‐IgM and NDV‐IgG suggest selection possibilities for genetic improvement of general and specific immunity, respectively, and consequently disease resistance. However, the negative correlations between KLH‐NAbs and NDV‐IgG indicate the need to consider a suitable approach that can optimally combine both traits in a multiple trait selection strategies.
Genetic and phenotypic correlations among feed efficiency, immune and production traits in indigenous chicken of Kenya
(2023) Miyumo, Sophie A.; Wasike, Chrilukovian B.; Ilatsia, Evans D.; Bennewitz, Jörn; Chagunda, Mizeck G. G.
This study aimed at estimating genetic and phenotypic relationships among feed efficiency, immune and production traits measured pre- (9–20 weeks of age) and post- (12 weeks from on-set of lay) maturity. Production traits were average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed-intake (ADFI1) in the pre-maturity period and age at first egg (AFE), average daily feed-intake (ADFI2) and average daily egg mass (EM) in the post-maturity period. Feed efficiency comprised of residual feed intake (RFI) estimated in both periods. Natural antibodies binding to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH-IgM) and specific antibodies binding to Newcastle disease virus (NDV-IgG) measured at 16 and 28 weeks of age represented immune traits pre- and post-maturity, respectively. In the growing period, 1,820 records on ADG, KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG, and 1,559 records on ADFI1 and RFI were available for analyses. In the laying period, 1,340 records on AFE, EM, KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG, and 1,288 records on ADFI2 and RFI were used in the analyses. Bi-variate animal mixed model was fitted to estimate (co)variance components, heritability and correlations among the traits. The model constituted sex, population, generation, line and genotype as fixed effects, and animal and residual effects as random variables. During the growing period, moderate to high heritability (0.36–0.68) was estimated for the production traits and RFI while the antibody traits had low (0.10–0.22) heritability estimates. Post-maturity, the production traits and RFI were moderately (0.30–0.37) heritable while moderate to high (0.25–0.41) heritability was estimated for the antibody traits. Genetic correlations between feed efficiency and production traits in both periods showed that RFI had negative genetic correlations with ADG (−0.47) and EM (−0.56) but was positively correlated with ADFI1 (0.60), ADFI2 (0.74) and AFE (0.35). Among immune and production traits, KLH-IgM and NDV-IgG had negative genetic correlations with ADG (−0.22; −0.56), AFE (−0.39; −0.42) and EM (−0.35; −0.16) but were positively correlated with ADFI1 (0.41; 0.34) and ADFI2 (0.47; 0.52). Genetic correlations between RFI with KLH-IgM (0.62; 0.33) and NDV-IgG (0.58; 0.50) were positive in both production periods. Feed intake, RFI and antibody traits measured in both production periods were positively correlated with estimates ranging from 0.48 to 0.82. Results from this study indicate selection possibilities to improve production, feed efficiency and immune-competence in indigenous chicken. The genetic correlations suggest that improved feed efficiency would be associated with high growth rates, early maturing chicken, high egg mass and reduced feed intake. In contrast, improved general (KLH-IgM) and specific (NDV-IgG) immunity would result in lower growth rates and egg mass but associated with early sexual maturation and high feed intake. Unfavorable genetic correlations between feed efficiency and immune traits imply that chicken of higher productivity and antibody levels will consume more feed to support both functions. These associations indicate that selective breeding for feed efficiency and immune-competence may have genetic consequences on production traits and should therefore be accounted for in indigenous chicken improvement programs