Fakultät Naturwissenschaften

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Biologie, Ernährungs-wissenschaften und Lebensmittelwissenschaften sind die Schwerpunkte der Fakultät. Die Forschung befasst sich mit Schlüsselthemen der Life Sciences.

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Almond-like aroma formation of acid whey by Ischnoderma benzoinum fermentation: potential application in novel beverage development
(2025) Hannemann, Lea; Klauss, Raphaela; Gleissle, Anne; Heinrich, Patrick; Braunbeck, Thomas; Zhang, Yanyan
To address the sourish off-aroma of acid whey and enhance its upcycling, a new basidiomycete Ischnoderma benzoinum -mediated fermentation system was developed using pure acid whey as the sole substrate. A pleasant sweetish and marzipan-like odor was perceived after fermentation within 7 d at 24 °C in darkness, which was shaped from key contributors including 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (odor activity value (OAV) 878), 3-methylbutanal (OAV 511), 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (OAV 50), and benzaldehyde (OAV 28). The typical sweetish and almond-like odor persisted well after ultrahigh-temperature processing, though its intensity decreased slightly. Concurrently, the fermentation reduced lactose from 52 to 20 g/L but increased the contents of essential amino acids like threonine, leucine, and lysine. No significant cytotoxicity or genotoxicity differences were found between fermented and unfermented whey. Overall, the study highlights the capability of I. benzoinum fermentation to enhance the flavor of acid whey, offering a promising approach for creating nutritional and flavorful acid-whey-based products.
Assessing the capabilities of 2D fluorescence monitoring in microtiter plates with data-driven modeling for secondary substrate limitation experiments of Hansenula polymorpha
(2023) Berg, Christoph; Herbst, Laura; Gremm, Lisa; Ihling, Nina; Paquet-Durand, Olivier; Hitzmann, Bernd; Büchs, Jochen
Background: Non-invasive online fluorescence monitoring in high-throughput microbioreactors is a well-established method to accelerate early-stage bioprocess development. Recently, single-wavelength fluorescence monitoring in microtiter plates was extended to measurements of highly resolved 2D fluorescence spectra, by introducing charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors. Although introductory experiments demonstrated a high potential of the new monitoring technology, an assessment of the capabilities and limits for practical applications is yet to be provided. Results: In this study, three experimental sets introducing secondary substrate limitations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate to cultivations of a GFP-expressing H. polymorpha strain were conducted. This increased the complexity of the spectral dynamics, which were determined by 2D fluorescence measurements. The metabolic responses upon growth limiting conditions were assessed by monitoring of the oxygen transfer rate and extensive offline sampling. Using only the spectral data, subsequently, partial least-square (PLS) regression models for the key parameters of glycerol, cell dry weight, and pH value were generated. For model calibration, spectral data of only two cultivation conditions were combined with sparse offline sampling data. Applying the models to spectral data of six cultures not used for calibration, resulted in an average relative root-mean-square error (RMSE) of prediction between 6.8 and 6.0%. Thus, while demanding only sparse offline data, the models allowed the estimation of biomass accumulation and glycerol consumption, even in the presence of more or less pronounced secondary substrate limitation. Conclusion: For the secondary substrate limitation experiments of this study, the generation of data-driven models allowed a considerable reduction in sampling efforts while also providing process information for unsampled cultures. Therefore, the practical experiments of this study strongly affirm the previously claimed advantages of 2D fluorescence spectroscopy in microtiter plates.
Comparison of binding properties of a laccase-treated pea protein-sugar beet pectin mixture with methylcellulose in a bacon-type meat analogue
(2022) Moll, Pascal; Salminen, Hanna; Stadtmueller, Lucie; Schmitt, Christophe; Weiss, Jochen
A bacon-type meat analogue consists of different structural layers, such as textured protein and a fat mimetic. To obtain a coherent and appealing product, a suitable binder must glue those elements together. A mixture based on pea protein and sugar beet pectin (r = 2:1, 25% w/w solids, pH 6) with and without laccase addition and a methylcellulose hydrogel (6% w/w) serving as benchmark were applied as binder between textured protein and a fat mimetic. A tensile strength test, during which the layers were torn apart, was performed to measure the binding ability. The pea protein–sugar beet pectin mixture without laccase was viscoelastic and had medium and low binding strength at 25 °C (F ≤ 3.5 N) and 70 °C (F ≈ 1.0 N), respectively. The addition of laccase solidified the mixture and increased binding strength at 25 °C (F ≥ 4.0 N) and 70 °C (F ≈ 2.0 N), due to covalent bonds within the binder and between the binder and the textured protein or the fat mimetic layers. Generally, the binding strength was higher when two textured protein layers were glued together. The binding properties of methylcellulose hydrogel was low (F ≤ 2.0 N), except when two fat mimetic layers were bound due to hydrophobic interactions becoming dominant. The investigated mixed pectin–pea protein system is able serve as a clean-label binder in bacon-type meat analogues, and the application in other products seems promising.
Construction and description of a constitutive plipastatin mono-producing Bacillus subtilis
(2020) Vahidinasab, Maliheh; Lilge, Lars; Reinfurt, Aline; Pfannstiel, Jens; Henkel, Marius; Morabbi Heravi, Kambiz; Hausmann, Rudolf
Background: Plipastatin is a potent Bacillus antimicrobial lipopeptide with the prospect to replace conventional antifungal chemicals for controlling plant pathogens. However, the application of this lipopeptide has so far been investigated in a few cases, principally because of the yield in low concentration and unknown regulation of biosynthesis pathways. B. subtilis synthesizes plipastatin by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase encoded by the ppsABCDE operon. In this study, B. subtilis 3NA (a non-sporulation strain) was engineered to gain more insights about plipastatin mono-production. Results: The 4-phosphopantetheinyl transferase Sfp posttranslationally converts non-ribosomal peptide synthetases from inactive apoforms into their active holoforms. In case of 3NA strain, sfp gene is inactive. Accordingly, the first step was an integration of a repaired sfp version in 3NA to construct strain BMV9. Subsequently, plipastatin production was doubled after integration of a fully expressed degQ version from B. subtilis DSM10T strain (strain BMV10), ensuring stimulation of DegU-P regulatory pathway that positively controls the ppsABSDE operon. Moreover, markerless substitution of the comparably weak native plipastatin promoter (Ppps) against the strong constitutive promoter Pveg led to approximately fivefold enhancement of plipastatin production in BMV11 compared to BMV9. Intriguingly, combination of both repaired degQ expression and promoter exchange (Ppps::Pveg) did not increase the plipastatin yield. Afterwards, deletion of surfactin (srfAA-AD) operon by the retaining the regulatory comS which is located within srfAB and is involved in natural competence development, resulted in the loss of plipastatin production in BMV9 and significantly decreased the plipastatin production of BMV11. We also observed that supplementation of ornithine as a precursor for plipastatin formation caused higher production of plipastatin in mono-producer strains, albeit with a modified pattern of plipastatin composition. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that degQ stimulates the native plipastatin production. Moreover, a full plipastatin production requires surfactin synthetase or some of its components. Furthermore, as another conclusion of this study, results point towards ornithine provision being an indispensable constituent for a plipastatin mono-producer B. subtilis strain. Therefore, targeting the ornithine metabolic flux might be a promising strategy to further investigate and enhance plipastatin production by B. subtilis plipastatin mono-producer strains.
CortexVR: Immersive analysis and training of cognitive executive functions of soccer players using virtual reality and machine learning
(2022) Krupitzer, Christian; Naber, Jens; Stauffert, Jan-Philipp; Mayer, Jan; Spielmann, Jan; Ehmann, Paul; Boci, Noel; Bürkle, Maurice; Ho, André; Komorek, Clemens; Heinickel, Felix; Kounev, Samuel; Becker, Christian; Latoschik, Marc Erich
Goal: This paper presents an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) system to analyze and train Executive Functions (EFs) of soccer players. EFs are important cognitive functions for athletes. They are a relevant quality that distinguishes amateurs from professionals. Method: The system is based on immersive technology, hence, the user interacts naturally and experiences a training session in a virtual world. The proposed system has a modular design supporting the extension of various so-called game modes. Game modes combine selected game mechanics with specific simulation content to target particular training aspects. The system architecture decouples selection/parameterization and analysis of training sessions via a coaching app from an Unity3D-based VR simulation core. Monitoring of user performance and progress is recorded by a database that sends the necessary feedback to the coaching app for analysis. Results: The system is tested for VR-critical performance criteria to reveal the usefulness of a new interaction paradigm in the cognitive training and analysis of EFs. Subjective ratings for overall usability show that the design as VR application enhances the user experience compared to a traditional desktop app; whereas the new, unfamiliar interaction paradigm does not negatively impact the effort for using the application. Conclusion: The system can provide immersive training of EF in a fully virtual environment, eliminating potential distraction. It further provides an easy-to-use analyzes tool to compare user but also an automatic, adaptive training mode.
Editorial: Methods in molecular innate immunity: 2022
(2025) Fritz, Jörg H.; Kufer, Thomas A.
Editorial: Microbial biosurfactants: updates on their biosynthesis, production and applications
(2024) Hausmann, Rudolf; Déziel, Eric; Soberón-Chávez, Gloria
Effect of cutting set variations on structural and functional properties of hamburgers
(2024) Berger, Lisa M.; Adam, Felix; Gibis, Monika; Witte, Franziska; Terjung, Nino; Weiss, Jochen
Meat grinders are composed of a combination of individual functional elements (e.g., screw conveyor, perforated plates, knives). This setup, and in particular the chosen cutting set, influences the characteristics of ground meat and hamburgers produced. In this study, we took a closer look at the effect of cutting set variations and process parameters on structural, functional, and physicochemical properties of beef hamburgers produced. It was found that the specific mechanical energy input during grinding increased when cutting levels, i.e., a set of one hole plate and one knife, were increased, causing more cell disintegration ( r = 0.387, p = 0.02). Surprisingly though, an influence on the functional and quality parameters of the hamburgers could not be found for most parameters tested. The findings indicate that variations in the cutting set affect the process parameters and the stress applied to the meat, but residence times in this zone are too small to cause noticeable effects on the analytical and qualitative properties of hamburgers. As such, there are options for energy and cost optimization of industrial grinding processes without sacrificing quality.
Effect of partial condensation (dephlegmation) in fruit brandy distillation equipment on the composition of apple brandies
(2025) Yagishita, Manami; Reber, Oliver; Alter, Daniela; Kölling, Ralf; Einfalt, Daniel; Chinnici, Fabio
Fruit brandy equipment commonly uses partial condensation (dephlegmation) to generate reflux in the distillation column. Here, we examined the effect of dephlegmation on the composition of fruit brandies in both lab-scale and large-scale settings. In lab-scale experiments, the dephlegmator led to a pronounced enrichment of ethanol in the distillate due to preferred condensation of water, while the concentration of flavor compounds was differentially affected. Some compounds were enriched in the distillate, some were depleted, and some were unaffected by dephlegmation compared with the control without a dephlegmator. Large-scale fruit brandy equipment relying exclusively on dephlegmation was compared as standard with an enrichment section containing three trays. In the equipment relying on dephlegmation, tail components such as fusel alcohols were less well separated from the middle run, which led to a reduced yield of clean spirit in the middle run. In triangle tests, the spirits from the two devices could be clearly differentiated, but there was no clear preference for one spirit or the other. This study provides for the first time detailed data on the influence of dephlegmators on the behavior of flavor compounds during fruit brandy distillation.
The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera?
(2021) Malec, Pawel; Weber, Justus; Böhmer, Robin; Fiebig, Marc; Meinert, Denise; Rein, Carolin; Reinisch, Ronja; Henrich, Maik; Polyvas, Viktoria; Pollmann, Marie; von Berg, Lea; König, Christian; Steidle, Johannes L. M.
Background: To understand which reproductive barriers initiate speciation is a major question in evolutionary research. Despite their high species numbers and specific biology, there are only few studies on speciation in Hymenoptera. This study aims to identify very early reproductive barriers in a local, sympatric population of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker 1836), a hymenopterous parasitoid of fly pupae. We studied ecological barriers, sexual barriers, and the reduction in F1-female offspring as a postmating barrier, as well as the population structure using microsatellites. Results: We found considerable inbreeding within female strains and a population structure with either three or five subpopulation clusters defined by microsatellites. In addition, there are two ecotypes, one parasitizing fly pupae in bird nests and the other on carrion. The nest ecotype is mainly formed from one of the microsatellite clusters, the two or four remaining microsatellite clusters form the carrion ecotype. There was slight sexual isolation and a reduction in F1-female offspring between inbreeding strains from the same microsatellite clusters and the same ecotypes. Strains from different microsatellite clusters are separated by a reduction in F1-female offspring. Ecotypes are separated only by ecological barriers. Conclusions: This is the first demonstration of very early reproductive barriers within a sympatric population of Hymenoptera. It demonstrates that sexual and premating barriers can precede ecological separation. This indicates the complexity of ecotype formation and highlights the general need for more studies within homogenous populations for the identification of the earliest barriers in the speciation process.
Enzymatically formed fatty acid hydroperoxides determined through GC‐MS analysis of enantiomeric excess of hydroxy fatty acids after reduction and ibuprofen derivatization
(2025) Hotz, Lisa; Zartmann, Anne; Noack, Isabelle; Drees, Luca J.; Kuschow, Meret K.; Heinrich, Markus R.; Janssen, Hans‐Gerd; Hammann, Simon
Unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to lipid oxidation through autoxidation, photooxygenation or enzymatical oxidation. A characteristic feature of enzyme‐catalyzed oxidation is the high regio‐ and stereospecificity of the formed fatty acid hydroperoxides. In this study, we present a method to quantify enzymatic lipid oxidation through reducing hydroperoxy fatty acid methyl esters to hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters and derivatizing them with enantiopure (S)‐ibuprofen, allowing the resolution of the enantiomer pairs as diastereomers via achiral GC‐MS. After application to enantiopure reference fatty acids, the approach was applied to autoxidation products of linoleic acid, and the expected racemic mixtures of the 9‐ and 13‐hydroperoxide derived hydroxy fatty acids were detected. On the other hand, when linoleic acid was oxidized using soybean lipoxygenase, clear enantiomeric excess of the (13S) enantiomer could be detected, proving the applicability of this method to detect enzymatic oxidation through enantiomeric excess.
Experimental investigation of CO2 uptake in CO2 hydrates formation with amino acids as kinetic promoters and its dissociation at high temperature
(2022) Srivastava, Shubhangi; Kollemparembil, Ann Mary; Zettel, Viktoria; Claßen, Timo; Gatternig, Bernhard; Delgado, Antonio; Hitzmann, Bernd
The dissociation of CO2 gas hydrates (GH) with amino acid kinetic promoters and without promoters was studied at a high temperature of 90 °C for a period of 20 min to understand the percentage of CO2 gas and to select the best promoter that aids CO2 gas entrapment along with stability at a high temperature. The possibility of using four hydrophobic food grade amino acids, namely cysteine, valine, leucine, and methionine, and one surfactant, lecithin, as kinetic promoters for CO2 GH has been studied. The amino acids were added 0.5 g (wt%), and lecithin was added 5 g for the GH production. Furthermore, the amino acids leucine and methionine gave some positive results, therefore, these amino acids were carried further for the experimentation purpose in the production of CO2 GH. Also, a combinational use of these amino acids was studied to investigate the effect on % CO2 retention in comparison to the normal GH. From the results, it was observed that the stability of GH decreases with an increase in temperature, but the addition of promoters, especially leucine + methionine + lecithin increased the CO2 uptake during GH formation.
Exploring ND-011992, a quinazoline-type inhibitor targeting quinone reductases and quinol oxidases
(2023) Kägi, Jan; Sloan, Willough; Schimpf, Johannes; Nasiri, Hamid R.; Lashley, Dana; Friedrich, Thorsten
Bacterial energy metabolism has become a promising target for next-generation tuberculosis chemotherapy. One strategy to hamper ATP production is to inhibit the respiratory oxidases. The respiratory chain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis comprises a cytochrome bcc:aa3 and a cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase that require a combined approach to block their activity. A quinazoline-type compound called ND-011992 has previously been reported to ineffectively inhibit bd oxidases, but to act bactericidal in combination with inhibitors of cytochrome bcc:aa3 oxidase. Due to the structural similarity of ND-011992 to quinazoline-type inhibitors of respiratory complex I, we suspected that this compound is also capable of blocking other respiratory chain complexes. Here, we synthesized ND-011992 and a bromine derivative to study their effect on the respiratory chain complexes of Escherichia coli. And indeed, ND-011992 was found to inhibit respiratory complex I and bo3 oxidase in addition to bd-I and bd-II oxidases. The IC50 values are all in the low micromolar range, with inhibition of complex I providing the lowest value with an IC50 of 0.12 µM. Thus, ND-011992 acts on both, quinone reductases and quinol oxidases and could be very well suited to regulate the activity of the entire respiratory chain.
Fed-batch bioreactor cultivation of Bacillus subtilis using vegetable juice as an alternative carbon source for lipopeptides production: a shift towards a circular bioeconomy
(2024) Gugel, Irene; Vahidinasab, Maliheh; Benatto Perino, Elvio Henrique; Hiller, Eric; Marchetti, Filippo; Costa, Stefania; Pfannstiel, Jens; Konnerth, Philipp; Vertuani, Silvia; Manfredini, Stefano; Hausmann, Rudolf; Gudiña, Eduardo
In a scenario of increasing alarm about food waste due to rapid urbanization, population growth and lifestyle changes, this study aims to explore the valorization of waste from the retail sector as potential substrates for the biotechnological production of biosurfactants. With a perspective of increasingly contributing to the realization of the circular bioeconomy, a vegetable juice, derived from unsold fruits and vegetables, as a carbon source was used to produce lipopeptides such as surfactin and fengycin. The results from the shake flask cultivations revealed that different concentrations of vegetable juice could effectively serve as carbon sources and that the fed-batch bioreactor cultivation strategy allowed the yields of lipopeptides to be significantly increased. In particular, the product/substrate yield of 0.09 g/g for surfactin and 0.85 mg/g for fengycin was obtained with maximum concentrations of 2.77 g/L and 27.53 mg/L after 16 h, respectively. To conclude, this study provides the successful fed-batch cultivation of B. subtilis using waste product as the carbon source to produce secondary metabolites. Therefore, the consumption of agricultural product wastes might be a promising source for producing valuable metabolites which have promising application potential to be used in several fields of biological controls of fungal diseases.
Food informatics - Review of the current state-of-the-art, revised definition, and classification into the research landscape
(2021) Krupitzer, Christian; Stein, Anthony
Background: The increasing population of humans, changing food consumption behavior, as well as the recent developments in the awareness for food sustainability, lead to new challenges for the production of food. Advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, including Machine Learning and data analytics, might help to account for these challenges. Scope and Approach: Several research perspectives, among them Precision Agriculture, Industrial IoT, Internet of Food, or Smart Health, already provide new opportunities through digitalization. In this paper, we review the current state-of-the-art of the mentioned concepts. An additional concept is Food Informatics, which so far is mostly recognized as a mainly data-driven approach to support the production of food. In this review paper, we propose and discuss a new perspective for the concept of Food Informatics as a supportive discipline that subsumes the incorporation of information technology, mainly IoT and AI, in order to support the variety of aspects tangent to the food production process and delineate it from other, existing research streams in the domain. Key Findings and Conclusions: Many different concepts related to the digitalization in food science overlap. Further, Food Informatics is vaguely defined. In this paper, we provide a clear definition of Food Informatics and delineate it from related concepts. We corroborate our new perspective on Food Informatics by presenting several case studies about how it can support the food production as well as the intermediate steps until its consumption, and further describe its integration with related concepts.
Functionality of the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase and quinol:fumarate reductase from Prevotella bryantii inferred from homology modeling
(2024) Hau, Jann-Louis; Schleicher, Lena; Herdan, Sebastian; Simon, Jörg; Seifert, Jana; Fritz, Günter; Steuber, Julia
Members of the family Prevotellaceae are Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria found in animal and human microbiota. In Prevotella bryantii , the Na + -translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) and quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR) interact using menaquinone as electron carrier, catalyzing NADH:fumarate oxidoreduction. P. bryantii NQR establishes a sodium-motive force, whereas P. bryantii QFR does not contribute to membrane energization. To elucidate the possible mode of function, we present 3D structural models of NQR and QFR from P. bryantii to predict cofactor-binding sites, electron transfer routes and interaction with substrates. Molecular docking reveals the proposed mode of menaquinone binding to the quinone site of subunit NqrB of P. bryantii NQR. A comparison of the 3D model of P. bryantii QFR with experimentally determined structures suggests alternative pathways for transmembrane proton transport in this type of QFR . Our findings are relevant for NADH-dependent succinate formation in anaerobic bacteria which operate both NQR and QFR.
Glucoselipid biosurfactant biosynthesis operon of Rouxiella badensis DSM 100043T: screening, identification, and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli
(2025) Harahap, Andre Fahriz Perdana; Treinen, Chantal; Van Zyl, Leonardo Joaquim; Williams, Wesley Trevor; Conrad, Jürgen; Pfannstiel, Jens; Klaiber, Iris; Grether, Jakob; Hiller, Eric; Vahidinasab, Maliheh; Perino, Elvio Henrique Benatto; Lilge, Lars; Burger, Anita; Trindade, Marla; Hausmann, Rudolf; Seo, Myung-Ji
Rouxiella badensis DSM 100043T had been previously proven to produce a novel glucoselipid biosurfactant which has a very low critical micelle concentration (CMC) as well as very good stability against a wide range of pH, temperature, and salinity. In this study, we performed a function-based library screening from a R. badensis DSM 100043T genome library to identify responsible genes for biosynthesis of this glucoselipid. The identified open reading frames (ORFs) were cloned into several constructs in Escherichia coli for gene permutation analysis and the individual products were analyzed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Products of interest from positive expression strains were purified and analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for further structure elucidation. Function-based screening of 5400 clones led to the identification of an operon containing three ORFs encoding acetyltransferase GlcA (ORF1), acyltransferase GlcB (ORF2), and phosphatase/HAD GlcC (ORF3). E. coli pCAT2, with all three ORFs, resulted in the production of identical R. badensis DSM 100043T glucosedilipid with Glu-C10:0-C12:1 as the main congener. ORF2-deletion strain E. coli pAFP1 primarily produced glucosemonolipids, with Glu-C10:0,3OH and Glu-C12:0 as the major congeners, predominantly esterified at the C-2 position of the glucose moiety. Furthermore, fed-batch bioreactor cultivation of E. coli pCAT2 using glucose as the carbon source yielded a maximum glucosedilipid titer of 2.34 g/L after 25 h of fermentation, which is 55-fold higher than that produced by batch cultivation of R. badensis DSM 100043T in the previous study.
Hitze als Schlüssel zur Aufklärung der Lysogenie beim SPß-Phagen
(2025) Kohm, Katharina
Identification of novel genes including NAV2 associated with isolated tall stature
(2023) Weiss, Birgit; Ott, Tim; Vick, Philipp; Lui, Julian C.; Roeth, Ralph; Vogel, Sebastian; Waldmüller, Stephan; Hoffmann, Sandra; Baron, Jeffrey; Wit, Jan M.; Rappold, Gudrun A.
Very tall people attract much attention and represent a clinically and genetically heterogenous group of individuals. Identifying the genetic etiology can provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating linear growth. We studied a three-generation pedigree with five isolated (non-syndromic) tall members and one individual with normal stature by whole exome sequencing; the tallest man had a height of 211 cm. Six heterozygous gene variants predicted as damaging were shared among the four genetically related tall individuals and not present in a family member with normal height. To gain insight into the putative role of these candidate genes in bone growth, we assessed the transcriptome of murine growth plate by microarray and RNA Seq. Two (Ift140, Nav2) of the six genes were well-expressed in the growth plate. Nav2 (p-value 1.91E-62) as well as Ift140 (p-value of 2.98E-06) showed significant downregulation of gene expression between the proliferative and hypertrophic zone, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and/or hypertrophic differentiation. IFT140, NAV2 and SCAF11 have also significantly associated with height in GWAS studies. Pathway and network analysis indicated functional connections between IFT140, NAV2 and SCAF11 and previously associated (tall) stature genes. Knockout of the all-trans retinoic acid responsive gene, neuron navigator 2 NAV2, in Xenopus supports its functional role as a growth promotor. Collectively, our data expand the spectrum of genes with a putative role in tall stature phenotypes and, among other genes, highlight NAV2 as an interesting gene to this phenotype.
An innovative approach in the baking of bread with CO2 gas hydrates as leavening agents
(2022) Srivastava, Shubhangi; Kollemparembil, Ann Mary; Zettel, Viktoria; Claßen, Timo; Mobarak, Mohammad; Gatternig, Bernhard; Delgado, Antonio; Jekle, Mario; Hitzmann, Bernd
Gas (guest) molecules are trapped in hydrogen-bonded water molecules to form gas hydrates (GH), non-stoichiometric solids that resemble ice. High pressure and low temperature are typical conditions for their development, with van der Waals forces joining the host and guest molecules. This article study investigates the application of CO2 gas hydrates (CO2 GH) as a leavening agent in baking, with particular reference to the production of wheat bread. The main intention of this study is to better understand the complex bread dough formed by CO2 GH and its impact on product quality. This may enable the adaptation of CO2 GH in baking applications, such as those that can specifically influence wheat bread properties, and so the final bread quality. The present research further examines the comparative evaluation of yeast bread with the GH bread’s impact on bread quality parameters. The amount of GH was varied from 10 to 60%/amount of flour for the GH breads. The GH breads were compared with the standard yeast bread for different quality parameters such as volume, texture, and pore analysis. The results show that the bread with 20% and 40% GH obtained the best results in terms of volume and pore size. Moreover, this article also sheds some light on the future applications of the use of CO2 GH as leavening agents in foods. This knowledge could help to create new procedures and criteria for improved GH selection for applications in bread making and other bakery or food products.

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