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Institut für Landschafts- und Pflanzenökologie

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    Reaktionen einer Weizen-Wildkraut Gemeinschaft auf erhöhtes CO2 im FACE Experiment: Proteomik, Physiologie und Bestandesentwicklung
    (2006) Weber, Simone; Fangmeier, Andreas
    The enhancement of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the last 150 years due to human activities is one of the main components of global change. For the future, different scenarios predict a steadily increase of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. As carbon dioxide is the most important carbon source for plants, higher CO2 concentrations have the potential to cause direct effects on plant metabolism and vegetation development. Until now almost all of the studies concerning the effects of elevated CO2 on plants were carried out under controlled conditions, whereas the effects under natural conditions are in-vestigated at only 33 sites worldwide. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on a plant community under natural conditions with regard of (i) the plant proteome, (ii) the plant physiology, (iii) the vegetation development and (iv) the potential interactions between these criteria. Therefore a Mini-FACE system was used to expose a plant community composed of wheat and weeds to two different treatments: (a) Ambient (ambient CO2 concentration, circa 380 ppm) and (b) FACE (Ambient + 150 ppm CO2). The study mainly focussed on the bio-chemical and physiological reactions of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Triso) as a crop species and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) as a weed species on carbon dioxide enrich-ment. The SELDI-TOF-MS technology was applied for the first time in the topic of carbon dioxide impacts on plants. The technology provides the opportunity to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate low molecular weight proteins with low abundances, which has been difficult to realise with the standardized methodology in proteomics until now. In addition to the biochemical and physiological analysis, the vegetation development was investigated continuously during the vegetation period using non-destructive methods. This included the assessment of species phenology and species dominance. The results of the performed study show that the carbon dioxide enrichment affects the protein profiles of both species wheat and wild mustard. Interestingly, many alterations in the protein concentrations were found, but no protein could be detected to be exclusively ex-pressed under CO2 treatment. The degree of modification in both species was influenced by their developmental stage. Particularly the protein profile of wheat leaves was strongly in-fluenced during generative plant development, therefore the plants seems to be highly sensitive to environmental changes during this developmental stage. Altogether three proteins were identified which were affected by CO2 treatment. The first protein, the saccharose-H+-symporter protein, was detected in the grain of spring wheat and is associated with the plant?s primary metabolism. This protein plays an important role in controlling the import of saccharose in developing grain. Consequently, elevated CO2 seems to regulate the allocation of assimilates in an active way by influencing the saccharose-H+-symporter concentration in the grain of spring wheat. Furthermore, the remaining two proteins, the PR4 protein localized in the grains and the LRR-kinase protein accumulated in the leaves of spring wheat, are associated with the secondary plant metabolism and they also responded to the elevated CO2 concentrations. These proteins are linked with defense reactions of the plants against patho-gens. The elevated CO2 concentrations caused a decrease in defense recognition in the vege-tative tissue. If the plant is infected by pathogens this down-regulation could result in a ne-gative impact. The concentration of soluble proteins and of total nitrogen decreased in the leaves of spring wheat whereas the C/N ratio increased. Despite this the relative concentration of Chlorophyll a was not affected and therefore an accelerated growth of the plants due to the carbon dioxide enrichment can be excluded. Thus the detected pattern of responses suggests an enhanced nitrogen use efficiency under increased CO2 concentrations. The biomass of single spring wheat plants was unaltered during the vegetation period whereas other investi-gations in parallel showed an enhanced growth and a greater yield of spring wheat at the end of the vegetation period. Species dominance of wheat and weeds was neither influenced in the first nor the second year of investigation with regard to CO2 enrichment. The results indicate that annual crop systems under natural conditions indeed exhibit strong reactions concerning proteomics and physiology, but not concerning the plant development probably due to a relative short time of exposition. Based on long term considerations the detected reactions of the plant proteome may play an important role in the breeding of optimal adapted plants.