Landessaatzuchtanstalt

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Improving host resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Gibberella ear rot in maize (Zea mays L.)
(2023) Akohoue, Félicien; Miedaner, Thomas
Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and Fusarium (FER) and Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize are major cereal diseases which reduce yield and contaminate kernels with several mycotoxins. In Europe, these diseases contribute to significant yield gaps and high mycotoxin risks across countries. However, existing management strategies related to agronomic practices are not fully effective, with some of them being cost-prohibitive. Enhancing host plant resistance is additionally required for managing the diseases more effectively and sustainably. Unfortunately, breeding for FHB resistance is challenged by complex interactions with morphological traits and the quantitative nature of the trait. In maize, available genetic resources have not been fully exploited to improve GER resistance in elite materials. In this work, we elucidated the complex interactions between FHB resistance and morphological traits, like plant height (PH) and anther retention (AR) in wheat. The effect of reduced height (Rht) gene Rht24 on AR and the contribution of genomic background (GB) to FHB resistance in semi-dwarf genotypes were also assessed. GB refers to all genomic loci, except major Rht genes, that affect the traits. To achieve this, 401 winter wheat cultivars were evaluated across five environments (location × year combination). All cultivars were genotyped using Illumina 25 K Infinium single-nucleotide polymorphism array. We performed correlation and path coefficient analysis, and combined single and multi-trait genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our findings revealed significant genotypic correlations and path effects between FHB severity with PH and AR, which were controlled by several pleiotropic loci. FHB severity and PH shared both negatively and positively acting pleiotropic loci, while only positively acting pleiotropic loci were detected between FHB severity and AR. Rht-D1 is a major pleiotropic gene which exerted a negative effect on FHB resistance. These pleiotropic loci contribute to our understanding of the complex genetic basis of FHB resistance, and their exploitation can help to simultaneously select for FHB resistance with PH and AR. Contrary to Rht-D1b, Rht24b had no negative effect on FHB resistance and AR. This exhibits Rht24 as an important FHB-neutral Rht gene which can be integrated into breeding programs. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were calculated for each cultivar to assess GB. We observed highly negative GEBV for FHB severity within resistant wheat cultivars. Susceptible cultivars exhibited positive GEBV. Genomic prediction has a great potential and can be exploited by selecting for semi-dwarf winter wheat genotypes with higher FHB resistance due to their genomic background resistance. To tackle maize ear rot diseases, refined and stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) harboring candidate genes conferring resistances to FER and GER were identified. The effectiveness of introgression of two European flint landraces, namely “Kemater Gelb Landmais” (KE) and “Petkuser Ferdinand Rot” (PE) was evaluated. The prediction accuracy of using line performance as a predictor of hybrid performance for GER resistance was also evaluated within the two landraces. We applied a meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis based on 15 diverse SNP-based QTL mapping studies and performed gene expression analysis using published RNA-seq data on GER resistance. In total, 40 MQTL were identified, of which 14 most refined MQTL harbored promising candidate genes for use in breeding programs for improving FER and GER resistances. 28 MQTL were common to both FER and GER, with most of them being shared between silk (channel) and kernel resistances. This highlights the co-inheritance of FER and GER resistances as well as types of active resistance. Resistance genes can be transferred into elite cultivars by integrating refined MQTL into genomics-assisted breeding strategies. Afterwards, four GER resistant doubled haploid (DH) lines from both KE and PE landraces were crossed with two susceptible elite lines to generate six bi-parental populations with a total of 534 DH lines which were evaluated for GER resistance. GER severity within the six landrace-derived populations were reduced by 39−61% compared to the susceptible elite lines. Moderate to high genetic advance was observed within each population, and the use of KE landrace as a donor was generally more effective than PE landrace. This shows promise in enhancing resistance to GER in elite materials using the European flint landraces as donors. Furthermore, per se performance of 76 DH lines from both landraces was used to predict GER resistance of their corresponding testcrosses (TC). Moderate phenotypic and genomic prediction accuracy between TC and line per se performance was found for GER resistance. This implies that pre-selecting lines for GER resistance is feasible; however, TC should be additionally tested on a later selection stage to aim for GER-resistant hybrid cultivars.
Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of traits with relevance for hybrid breeding in European winter wheat
(2015) Langer, Simon Martin; Würschum, Tobias
Hybrid breeding in wheat has recently received increased interest, especially in Europe, and large public and private projects investigating hybrid wheat breeding have been launched. Hybrid breeding has been a great success story for allogamous crops and is seen as a promising approach to increase the yield potential in wheat. Wheat covers more of the world’s surface than any other food crop and is the second main staple crop for human consumption. It can be produced under widely varying conditions and is grown all around the globe, yet, yield gain has declined and is lagging behind the needs of the constantly growing human population. Future challenges in wheat breeding such as the establishment of hybrid varieties and the adaptation of breeding germplasm to increasing stresses caused by climatic changes also in Europe require knowledge-based improvements of relevant traits and phenotyping approaches suited for applied high-throughput plant breeding. A major limitation for the establishment and the production of hybrid wheat is the lack of a cost-efficient hybrid seed production system. This requires the generation of parental ideotypes which maximize the cross-fertilization capability. Male parents should have an extended time of flowering, extrude anthers and widely shed large amounts of viable pollen. Females need increased receptivity for male pollen by opening the glumes and extruding stigmatic hair. Furthermore, male plants should be taller than females and a synchronized timing of flowering between the two parents is also of utmost importance. Employing a set of European elite winter wheat lines, we developed and evaluated phenotyping methods for important floral and flowering traits with relevance for improved cross-pollination (Publication I). We observed high heritabilities for important traits such as ‘pollen mass’ (h2=0.72) and ‘anther extrusion’ (h2=0.91). In addition, genotypic variances were significant which warrants further breeding success. Positive correlations were found among important flowering and floral characteristics which enables the improvement of outcrossing by indirect selection. ‘Pollen mass’ for example, was associated with ‘anther extrusion’, ‘anther length’ and ‘plant height’. Our findings suggest the utility of the developed phenotyping approaches for applied plant breeding and the potential of the traits to assist in the design of the male ideotype for increased cross-fertilization. We investigated the genetic architecture of flowering time and plant height (Publication II and III). A panel of 410 European winter wheat varieties was genotyped by a genotyping-by-sequencing approach and in addition, analyzed for the effects of specific candidate genes. The major factor affecting flowering time was the photoperiod regulator Ppd-D1 (58.2% of explained genotypic variance) followed by Ppd-B1 copy number variation (3.2%). For plant height, the two candidate loci Rht-D1 (37.0%) and Rht-B1 (14.0%) had the largest effects on the trait but contrary to reports in the literature did not contribute to flowering time control. In addition, we identified several small effect QTL and epistatic QTL responsible for fine-adjustments of these two traits. Population structure and genetic relatedness in European elite wheat lines was assessed using different types of markers (Publication IV). Results for relatedness differed for the marker types but consistently showed the absence of a major population structure. Regarding the large wheat genome our results revealed that a high number of markers is necessary as there are regions with only low coverage. Concordantly, we were not able to identify the major flowering locus Ppd-D1 without targeted candidate gene analysis. Observations on the findings on population structure could be confirmed in Publication II and III and in addition, the geographical distribution of important flowering time and plant height genes displayed the historical development of wheat breeding in Europe. This information on genetic relatedness among lines can also be employed to assist the establishment of hybrid wheat.

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