Browsing by Subject "Albanien"

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Assessing quality and safety of food and beverage products in Albanian processing enterprises
(2012) Kapaj, Ilir; Doluschitz, Reiner
It is apparent that the consumers, for many reasons, do not have the ability to control directly the product they are purchasing. It is the FBE who have the ability to control and manage the quality and the safety of the products keeping in mind the customers? expectations of a product in terms of quality and safety. The mechanism that realizes this demand today is certification, a process that every product and system of quality and safety management in an enterprise should undergo. The management of quality and safety is concretized in the framework of a special system: as an international system for quality and safety, under the care of the special international organizations; as a national system, under the care of the respective ministries and institutions of a country; and as a system of quality and safety of a certain enterprise, established and maintained by the directorate of this enterprise. The attention in this analysis for this study is more focused on the management of products quality and safety issues at the level of the FBE. In this study, the elaboration of these issues is done in the logical sequence of the consumer, the standards and legislation, the quality and the safety of the products in the enterprise, the certification according to the standards and in the end, some general data regarding food and beverage enterprises. The changes that have occurred in the Albanian market regarding food products and beverages, especially the increase of the quantity/demand and variety, have resulted in the development of a new standard within the food and beverage industry as well as made it apparent the importance of the FBE relations with the markets and amongst other FBE as well. . Among the main features of this food and beverage paradigm is that consumers set higher expectations, especially concerning qualitative requirements, resulting in fierce competition between FBE. Such a situation imposes changes and transformations within FBE, not only progressive changes but in some aspects even revolutionary changes. The last 15 years markets a transition period within the industry as increased number of imports have transformed the internal market of food products and beverages into ?an international market?. In this market exists a continuous competition between foreign products and national products. The export of food products and beverages, although in low quantities and very spontaneous, has started to make the Albanian FBE aware of the competition with western enterprises in the foreign market ?ring?, which today is considered the global market. The agreements that the Albanian Government has signed with the WTO and EU, such as the Agreement on the Technical Barriers of Commerce with the WTO and the Stabilization-Association Agreement with the EU, to name a few, treat also the technical problems related directly to the ?pillars? of the ?Temple of quality?: standardization, metrology, accreditation and certification. It is on these ?pillars? that the restructured and reformed Albanian enterprise should be set, so that it can overcome the obstacles that are present in the global market. Albanian FBE, regardless of their current status in the markets, are making attempts and are being prepared to face the inevitable challenges that lie ahead regarding the multi-plan development that includes the economic, technical, human, managerial aspects and more importantly the Albanian mentality and culture. Even for the Albanian enterprises, the purpose of their establishment, development, and existence is and always will be for the profit. The significance of profit and the need for it to constantly be increasing and improving is closely related to the investment made from the enterprise, but with different attitudes. To be specific, in the earlier stages of enterprise development, short term investment is often implemented supported by the slogan, ?I am investing today so I gain the profit still today?; whereas in the later stages of development where there exists the competitive market enterprises follow the slogan, ?I am investing today so that I gain the profit tomorrow or the day after tomorrow?. This slogan makes the enterprise think and work foremost for the long-term investment, which is an investment that provides a more sustainable profit and strategic approach for survival in the market. Profit is the indicator of long-term investments. It is one of the most important indicators through which FBE can be evaluated regarding the economic-technical-human-managerial level of the enterprises. In order to establish and to put into play the certification system, some requirements by the consumer side are needed (i.e., legislation, ministries, different organizations), etc., but also from the enterprises side. Regardless, the level that is achieved it is important to define the indicator, through which is measured the quality and safety level in an enterprise, in an industrial sector, and even in a state; today, this indicator is the certification indicator. As stated above, besides the issues related to quality for food and beverage products, there are also the safety-related problems to consider. The latter are of particular importance and are related with the so-called ?consumer protection? rights, as they represent the potential risks or harm to consumers health in using and consuming the products produced by the FBE in the processing stages. The legislation on food and beverage products quality and safety, as part of the general legislation of the Republic of Albania, is based on the respective legislation of the European Union. Intensification for this legislation to be completed is encouraged and supported mainly by the international agreement, where a special section covers the Stabilization Association Agreement. This Agreement, among others, instructs and controls the adaptation of the European Directives towards that of the European one regarding the products quality and safety. In addition, it aims to harmonize the legal acts and relevant by-acts (technical regulations, decisions, orders, and guidelines). Therefore, in order to explore the possibilities and the potential trends of the development in the field of product quality and safety, a detailed analysis of the current situation of the FBE in Albania was completed. To be more specific, the study included the assimilation of data and information gathered from face to face interviews investigating the FBE in Albania regarding product quality and safety. Albanian FBE comprised the basis of the selected sample. A sample of 112 enterprises was chosen to participate in the face to face interview, of which 106 enterprises actually completed the questionnaire. As such, the FBE sample from this study was considered to be representative of this sector of the processing industry in Albania F. The respondents of the FBE were mainly managers, owners or high level personnel of the selected food and beverage processing enterprises. A descriptive statistical analysis was used to elaborate the situation within the food and beverage industry in Albania. A model of ordinal logistic regression was used to quantify the effects of the different management factors on different quality management aspects. According to the enterprises who participated in the questionnaire, informing activities from the Ministry of Agriculture Food and Consumer Protection (MoAFCP) were weak or absent; only the inspection activity was done well. In addition, more than half of the enterprises surveyed had allocated the competencies regarding quality and safety in their own respective departments. Next, it was determined that Albanian FBE operate mostly in domestic markets (local and national) with some exceptions. Moreover, 95 percent of enterprises stated that they communicate with their customers regarding product quality and safety, representing the main source of information to FBE in this regard. Information from scientific studies is rarely used for decision making in terms of quality. The enterprises standards are widely used for compiling technical specifications for their products, while international standards are used only in some enterprises. Further determined from the study results was that almost all FBE believe that their production technology responds to the product quality and safety requirements. All FBE stated full compliance of their production activities with the requirements of Good Management Practices. In addition, more than half of the FBE lab facilities were non-existent (missing) and half of the enterprises did not even measure any characteristics of their products. Next, there seems to be no standard for the qualification of employees in terms of quality and safety but enterprises did express their willingness to invest in such trainings for their employees. Furthermore, in the majority of FBE cases, materials related to product quality and safety were provided from governmental agencies. Next, 75% of FBE have their products labeled and certified, whereas 21 of FBE also express the willingness to invest in label improvement or relabeling. Nearly 75% of FBE do not apply international quality management standards (ISO, HACCP, TQM), but they understand and support the need for applying and certifying such systems. Based on the regression analysis, it was determined that information and activities from the MoAFCP, as they relate to product quality and safety in particular, have a great impact on enterprises willingness to invest in QMS. Furthermore, FBE training of employees, focusing on selling and on product delivery and application of client technical specification, appear to all be prerequisites to entering the competitive markets. On the other hand, application of management standards and certification, qualifications of employees, increased level of information on quality standards and updated production technology, all have a significant impact on enterprises annual turnover and export/annual turnover ratio. It is recommended that the MoAFCP and all related governmental agencies, such as the Veterinary Institute, Commerce and Industry Chamber and the General Directorate of Standardization must put more effort into information sharing/awareness and communication activities in terms of food and beverage quality and safety as well as on quality management standards. More importantly, food and beverage enterprises should address the issues of alternative sources of information, improving their organizational structure, upgrading production technology, investing in trainings, investing in label improvement and product certification and application and certification of QMS, as prerequisites for increasing their overall business performance.
The potential of rural cooperatives development in Albania : challenges and benefits
(2021) Sokoli, Olta; Doluschitz, Reiner
Promising but particularly challenging remains the agricultural sector in Albania even after almost three decades of transition and the collapse of communism regime. The country is located in a very strategic geographical area of Europe, tempting for centuries to its neighbors is struggling to find the way to promote the agriculture sector. On the other hand, the agriculture sector contributes to almost half of the employment in Albania and accounts for about one-fifth of the gross domestic product (ILO - International Labour Organisation, 2018). Roughly 60% is subsistence farming meaning that small and family farms with an average of 1.2 ha to 2 ha is the most common profile of the farmers (INSTAT, 2018). Combining this with the land fragmentation, for instance two or more rather small parcels per farm, geographically spread, generates a challenge for farmers. As a consequence of the land reform implemented in the early 1990s, in which state agricultural land was equally distributed to the rural population, which resulted in small and fragmented farms that hampered the growth and competitiveness of agriculture. Due to negative experience in the past, Albania, farmers tend to be hesitant to form or join organizations such as cooperatives, as in many other post communism regime countries. However, there are signs of change, as the first movements of cooperatives establishment have started, even though initiated by external factor such as international projects provided by GIZ, FAO and many other foreigner programs. The two major objectives of this research are: first to highlight the obstacles why farmers are hesitant to participate in cooperation even after three decades of regime change. Secondly, the benefits and the mechanisms to promote this movement, as well as the impact it might have in further development of agriculture in the country. Based on this observations and consecutive problematic this dissertation analyzes the potential of cooperative development in the following key issues: cooperatives evolution within the last decades, governmental institution supporting role in this movement, the factors that influence the willingness of farmers to or not to cooperate. The research has taken place in the main villages/areas of Lushnja and Fier district covering about 25% of the Albanian national milk/dairy cow per head (INSTAT, 2018). The research sample included 238 farmers involved in cow milk production who were selected randomly by the interviewers. The interviewed farmers were all personally involved in farm activities, including the production and sale of cow milk Furthermore, the findings show the importance of governmental institutions in the promotion and the support for the development of cooperatives. Their role is fundamental as they play the leading and managerial role of the policy implementation. Moreover, a particular importance has shown the indirect affect that local rules have on cooperation. From the findings, it emerges that the main and most noteworthy mechanism of how local rules affect willingness to cooperate is by constructing social capital. Without leaving apart the determinants of the local rules, trust, and leadership skills in cooperation taken individually and in relation to each other (Agrawal 2001, Ostrom 2009, Ostrom and Mc Ginhis 2014). Summarizing the above mentioned major findings and in conclusion, innovative initiatives is a process in itself that should be elaborated and supported broadly to deliver the importance it brings in the development of the farm or in the farmers organization such as cooperatives, without leaving aside the impact it might have in the community (Dossa and Kaeufer, 2014; Bocken et al., 2013; Weltzien, 2011). A challenging initiative does not make it not valuable and uncertain but should intrigue the community to incorporate new possibilities.