Browsing by Subject "Aquaculture"

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A case study: Fish production in the integrated farming system of the Black Thai in Yen Chau district (Son La province) in mountainous North-western Vietnam - current state and potential
(2009) Steinbronn, Silke; Becker, Klaus
Son La province is located in mountainous north-western Vietnam and belongs to the poorest regions of the country. In the valleys of this province, fish farming is one of the major activities among farmers who belong to the ethnic Black Thai minority. Up until now, the aquaculture system practiced here has not been scientifically investigated. There is generally very little data available regarding the aquaculture of resource-poor farmers in Southeast Asia. This lack of information can be partly explained by the difficulty in obtaining this data. However, a solid understanding of current aquaculture systems is necessary for any kind of future involvement. Within the course of a special research program (SFB 564), aquaculture practices in three communes of Yen Chau district (Son La province) were surveyed between 2004 and 2006. The research was conducted in a holistic way in order to obtain a detailed description of the typical local aquaculture system with its potentials and limitations. In addition, measures for improvement were developed, which will be tested during the next phase of the special research program. The data was collected and analyzed on three different levels. On the ?macro level?, general data is presented regarding the land use and irrigation system in the studied area. Data on the ?meso level? concerns the aquaculture and agriculture system and was predominantly collected through interviews with 155 farmers, 22 village headmen and other stakeholders. On the ?micro level?, an in-depth investigation based on measurements and close observation of 6 individually selected case study farms is presented. This data includes the limnological pond conditions, fish growth rates, food conversion and the profitability of the aquaculture system. The data gathered during these investigations compensates for the information that could not be satisfactorily gathered through the interviews alone. Currently, around 63% of the households in the study area produce fish in ponds. The aquaculture production is closely linked with other farming activities and is integrated into the overall irrigation system. Farmers stock different carp and tilapia in polyculture with the main species being grass carp. Fish are mainly fed leaves and by-products of crop production, weeds and manure, e.g. from buffalo. The pond system is feed-based and exhibits a more or less continuous water flow; both of these features are rather atypical for small-scale aquaculture. In the case study farms, the average fish stocking density was 1.0 fish m-2. Calculated based on one hectare, the average daily feed application was 37.1 kg dry matter (DM) and the annual net production of aquatic species 1.5 tons ha-1, of which roughly 2/3 were sold. The average conversion of feed (DM) to aquatic species biomass was 7.7:1, and the conversion of added nitrogen (feed and manure) to produced nitrogen (aquatic species) was 14.7%. The yields in the presented system are relatively low compared to other feed-based aquaculture systems. Nevertheless, it has been shown that aquaculture production contributes significantly to food security, generates income and plays a significant role in farmers? lives. At present, the local market in Yen Chau cannot be completely satisfied by the districts? fish production alone. Recently, a road was upgraded that connects the north-western mountains with the country?s capital Hanoi. As a result, fish from the more intensive aquaculture in the lowlands has started to flood the local markets. This development is expected to proceed, which will leave farmers unable to compete in the market in the future. In order to produce fish in a sustainable way, the current system must be improved so that the local fish production increases. There are various reasons that can explain the relatively low productivity in the ponds. These include an unclassifiable grass carp disease that leads to high mortalities, poor water quality, low fish growth rates caused by low quality of fish seed, low quality of feed and manure applied as well as low natural food availability in the ponds. Furthermore, farmers seem to have limited knowledge regarding basic aquaculture techniques, which may be explained by the lack of training or extension services available in this field. In the present study, a ?basket? of modification measures have been proposed. These measures concern the farms themselves (e.g. improved pond management), the institutional and political framework (e.g. support of the local hatcheries) as well as the research. The focus of the next part of the special research program will be the identification of the causative agent of the grass carp disease and the development of prevention and treatment strategies. Additionally, a modified watering and feeding management system will be tested scientifically. It is expected that this locally adapted, improved pond system will lead to significantly higher fish production.
An economic analysis of fish demand and livelihood outcomes of small-scale aquaculture in Myanmar
(2021) Aung, Yee Mon; Zeller, Manfred
Given that capture fishery production has either remained stagnant or declined globally, aquaculture has been responsible for the massive growth in the supply of fish to fulfill increasing demand and has also improved livelihoods. The development of the fishery sector, particularly aquaculture, has the potential to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). New technologies and effective fishery management policies play critical roles in achieving this sectors contribution to the SDGs. Although aquaculture in Myanmar is dominated by large-scale fish farming, a larger number of small-scale aquaculture (SSA) households exist either legally or illegally because profitability and employment opportunities have enticed them to enter the sector. However, the potential of SSA farmers and their challenges are still overlooked. Even though Myanmar is one of the major consumers of fish and producers of aquaculture fish worldwide, to date, a holistic approach that considers the demand and supply side of Myanmars aquaculture sector is rare. The thesis focuses on two main topics. One topic is an analysis of the disaggregated fish demand system. Empirical evidence on whether the aquaculture sector can meet household demand through adequate availability of and accessibility to fish is vital to ensure household food and nutrition security and understand the future of the fish demand. The second main topic focuses on the two aspects of production based on SSA farms; production efficiency and impacts on welfare outcomes from the adoption of sustainable aquaculture (SA) technologies. To fulfill fish demand by increasing the supply of fish from farms, production efficiency of the farmers needs to improve to generate profitable in the face of lower fish prices that will accompany an increase in supply. In addition, traditional aquaculture production practices are risky and are not a long-term option for SSA farmers. Therefore, renewing or modifying productive resources and implementing new technologies may play critical roles in the development of a sustainable SSA sector. The study on the fish demand analysis in Chapter 2 relies on nationally representative data from the "Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions survey (MPLCS) in 2015,". For the production side analysis in Chapters 3 and 4, primary survey data originate from 440 SSA households collected in three townships in Phyapon District, Ayeyarwady Delta region, Myanmar. Chapter 2 estimates the demand parameters differentiated by fish supply sources (aquaculture, freshwater capture, marine capture, and dried fish) and household groups (wealth group and household location) in Myanmar using a three-stage budgeting framework, combined with a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). The results reveal that fish demand from all sources of fish and household groups increases with income because fish is the second most crucial food commodity after rice in Myanmar. A substantial share of the increasing demand for all sources of fish is likely to come from poor and rural households with growing incomes due to their higher-income elasticity for all sources of fish. Moreover, less elastic price elasticity of demand in most cases for poor and rural households indicates that those households have less animal protein substitutes for fish available and accessible because fish is the cheapest form of an animal protein source in Myanmar. Due to the income responsiveness of aquaculture fish, its demand will grow faster than that of other fish sources. This study confirms that the rapidly growing aquaculture sector can compensate for the concurrent stagnation of capture fisheries production to fulfill the increase in the fish demand. The studys findings suggest that effective management policies and new technologies are essential to sustain the fish supply from capture fisheries and aquaculture. Intervention programs that sustainably increase aquaculture production will generate the most effective and significant effects on securing households food and nutrition security in the long-run. Chapter 3 analyzes the current technical efficiency level of SSA farms and the link between womens level of participation in decision-making (WPDM) activities and the technical efficiency of fish farming using the two-stage double bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. The results show that most SSA farming households are not technically efficient, performing in a range of 45%-60% below the production frontier. All the inputs used contain slacks, such that all of them are over-utilized in inappropriate ratios. This study reveals that while some of the households socio-economic and production characteristics are significant shifters to enhance efficiency of fish farming, decision-making power of women at the household-level is found to significantly improve the level of technical efficiency through its effects on the ability of household members to allocate and organize resources optimally. This study highlights the vital need to promote intervention programs targeted at improving the technical efficiency of SSA farming households. Policies and intervention programs aimed at increasing productivity in the aquaculture sector would benefit by including women empowerment programs to reduce gender inequality and promote equity. Chapter 4 evaluates the determinants and the impacts of SA technologies adoption on SSA households’ welfare outcomes using the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model. The significant value of the correlation coefficients between the error terms of the adoption decision and the outcome equations, as well as heterogeneity in the outcome variables between adopters and non-adopters, confirm that the ESR model is more appropriate than data pooling in a regression model. The models actual and counterfactual results highlight that the adoption of SA technologies increases the SSA households welfare outcomes, measured by fish yield per ha, Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), and Total Food Consumption Score (TFCS). However, the actual adopters would benefit the most in terms of fish yield per ha and TFCS from adopting SA technologies because the average treatment effects of adoption on adopters are larger than that of non-adopters for these variables. The results highlight that household knowledge about aquaculture production and information sources are main drivers for the adoption decision and improving welfare outcomes. Therefore, appropriate policies targeting SSA development should emphasize the promotion of farmers awareness and adoption of SA technologies by providing improved extension services. This thesis findings contribute to the current debate that the development of the aquaculture sector can help achieve some of the SDGs. In particular, aquaculture can help end hunger through increased food security by making fish more widely available and accessible by increasing the supply of fish. Moreover, aquaculture can improve gender equality and women’s empowerment through creating employment opportunities linked to the aquaculture sector. Given the lower technical efficiency level and positive welfare impacts of SA technologies, it is recommended that the government and other development organizations disseminate information on the improved aquaculture practices and suitable input use through improved extension services to SSA farmers. Due to the dominance of a single fish species in the aquaculture sector, the government needs to support research and development programs in the hatchery sector for a new generation of species. Another recommendation is to reformulate the current "Farmland Law 2012" because it puts restrictions on converting agricultural land to fish ponds, which is preventing farmers entering the aquaculture sector legally. The above policy recommendations are crucial to achieve growth in the SSA sector and increase women’s intra-household decision-making power, thereby opening the door to improve livelihoods.
Evaluation of suitability of non-toxic and detoxified Jatropha curcas L. meal as feed for fingerling common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., with reference to phytase application
(2012) Richter, Nahid; Becker, Klaus
Jatropha curcas L. is a hardy plant which can thrive on marginal degraded lands. Jatropha seeds contain about 300-350g kg-1 oil, which is used as fuel or in transesterified form as a substitute for diesel; they also have considerable protein quality. However, Jatropha contains antinutrients such as lectins, trypsin inhibitors and phytic acids at high levels and in toxic varities phorbolesters cause detrimental effect. Common carp fed heat-treated non-toxic Jatropha meal (JM) has been shown to have higher weight gain and protein efficiency ratio than those fish fed untreated JM. However, these parameters were significantly lower in the aforementioned trial when compared to fish fed a fish meal (FM) based diet. Reduced growth performance in fish fed non-toxic JM might be attributable to the deficiency of some essential amino acids such as lysine, to high levels of phytic acids or the presence of antinutrients. These may indicate the need for additional processing of JM for common carp. This work was therefore conducted to test various ways of further improving the nutritional quality of JM to increase the levels of inclusion in diets for common carp. In the first experiment, four diets based on 50% replacement of FM with defatted non-toxic JM were formulated, one with no further JM treatment, the second with 80% aqueous ethanol extraction before diet formulation, the third supplemented with 1% L-lysine and the fourth with 500 FTU phytase (5000G, Natuphos). These were compared to a standard, FM based diet. The results showed that diets with 500 FTU/kg phytase or 1% L-lysine could maintain common carp?s growth performance at a level comparable to fish fed a FM diet. Fish fed diets containing JM and ethanol treated JM had significantly lower growth performance than the control. The addition of 1% L-lysine or 500 FTU phytase enhanced percent body weight gain, food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate to a level comparable to those of the control. Furthermore, the addition of 500 FTU phytase significantly increased whole body Mg, P and K to the levels of those fish fed Diet Control. When the level of JM replacement was increased from 50% to 75% while at the same time supplementing the diets with inorganic phosphorus (Experiment 2), however, a significant decrease in body weight gain of common carp was observed both with and without 500 FTU phytase. In a third experiment, the effect of JM diets with added phytase but without phosphorous supplementation was therefore investigated in more detail. At the end of the eight week trial, phytase supplementation had not affected body mass gain (BMG), food conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish. However, whole body phosphorous (P), P gain and P retention were significantly improved in fish fed JM with phytase supplementation when this was compared to the fish fed JM without phytase. Moreover, fish fed JM diets indicated higher O2 consumption per gramme body mass gain than carp fed FM diets. Energy expenditure per gramme protein retained was significantly higher for fish fed JM with or without phytase addition, indicating that the utilisation of JM was associated with higher energy costs for the fish. In the final experiment, the nutritional quality of non-toxic JM was compared to that of the toxic variety once appropriate measures had been taken to detoxify the latter. FM was replaced with either of the two at 75% of total dietary protein, for each Jatropha variety once without further supplementation and once supplemented with 500 FTU phytase and 1% lysine. The results of this experiment indicated that there was no significant differences in final body mass (FBM), % BMG, feed intake (FI), FCR and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed diets Control and non-toxic, supplemented JM. However, fish fed diets based on detoxified or non-toxic, unsupplemented Jatropha showed significantly inferior growth parameters when compared to carp fed the first two diets (p<0.05). Whole body P was significantly higher in fish fed the Control and non-toxic JM diets (with/without phytase and lysine) than fish fed either of the two detoxified JM diets (p<0.05). The depressed growth performance in the group fed detoxified JM could imply that the detoxification process was not complete and traces of phorbolesters may still be present in the diets. This work has shown that, given proper treatment, JM can act as a suitable replacement for FM at high levels in diets for common carp. The results of this work suggest that phytase addition to enhance phosphorous availability and lysine supplementation to correct the essential amino acid imbalance are two factors that have significant effects in improving JM suitability for common carp.
Quantifying pond and labor productivity of small-holder aquaculture farmers in the central dry-zone of Myanmar
(2019) Chertkov, Georgi
To date, aquaculture in developing countries is still largely based on unimproved fish species. As a result, indigenous fish species often show poor growth rate, high fish mortality, and may have high labor production costs. By introducing Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) in Myanmar, WorldFish aims to increase pond and labor productivity such that smallholder farmers earn more from aquaculture from their scarce land, capital and labor resources. The case study presented below purposely selected fish farmers for a micro-economic and partially technical study on labor and pond productivity in aquaculture. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to obtain very detailed data allowing me to estimate pond and labor productivity under existing smallholder farmers conditions in Myanmar. The research region was the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar, an area close to those hatcheries which have been identified by World Fish and national research partners. The case study assesses the current productivity and income from pond aquaculture derived by smallholders and provides crucial baseline information for the planned study during 2020/21 to assess the food security, productivity, and income effects of introducing improved tilapia to these smallholder farmers. Information collected during the study regarding problems faced by smallholder aquaculture farmers in the Central Dry Zone will be useful to ensure better delivery of future projects and objectives. Investment scenarios included in the case study aim to provide a demonstration of how future changes to the practices of smallholder aquaculture farmers could impact their profitability. A more productive smallholder aquaculture sector in Myanmar could help to reduce the availability and prices for fish which is a major source of protein and micronutrients for the people of Myanmar.
Socio-economic analysis of aquaculture groups in Hta Naung Wun Village and Shwe Baw Kyun Village in Shwebo Township, Myanmar
(2019) Casagua Diaz, Lizeth Tatiana
Myanmar is one of the largest fish producers in the world. In 2016, the country ranked eighth among the largest global inland aquaculture producers. Ninety percent of inland aquaculture in Myanmar is geographically concentrated in the Ayeyarwady Delta region, in lower Myanmar. Previous studies have indicated that aquaculture in Myanmar has the potential to grow with the improvement in production conditions, access to credit and post-harvest technologies. Given the promising conditions, intervention projects to develop aquaculture in the country such as Myanmar Sustainable Aquaculture Programme (MYSAP) are currently implemented. The Myanmar Sustainable Aquaculture Programme (MYSAP) is funded by the European Union (EU) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and is implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the Department of Fisheries. WorldFish Myanmar is realising MYSAP’s inland component under a GIZ grant agreement, with Ar Yone Oo, BRAC Myanmar and Malteser International as sub-contracted implementing partners. In order to reduce the deficit of information about aquaculture in regions different to the national cluster, the current study provides a general view of the current market dynamics faced by fish farmers in Shwebo township, Sagaing Region, as a contribution for the knowledge about aquaculture in Myanmar in regions where it has not been widely documented. To do so, this study implemented a qualitative explorative approach using content analysis based on grounded theory for the culture season 2018-2019. A total of 26 fish farmers and 5 key informants were interviewed in Hta Naung Wun and Shwe Baw Kyun villages, using structured questionnaires. Regarding the proportion of the fish harvested used for family consumption, this study found a difference of 5.2 percentual point on the quantity of fish used between the two villages. This study identified that processing companies bought 94.32% of the total fish traded in the study area during the last culture season. The main characteristic influencing the purchases made by the processor is the fish size, with a preference for fish at market size. This study found a gap between fish supply and demand, showing that 80% of the fish supplied do not correspond with the attributes demanded. Fish farmers reported production challenges that potentially limit the aim to produce fish at market size. The challenges reported in the surveys show limitations in access to fish feed and water supply. Exploring farmer-based perceptions regarding the importance of the role of MYSAP programme to the access, this study found that fish farmers gave the highest importance scores to the access to fingerlings and training, and the lowest scores to the access to fish feed and buyers. This study suggests encouraging collective actions among fish farmers in order to implement bulk purchasing, share used of equipment, improve the flow of information and coordinate harvest times, which might benefit fish farmers in the study area. In addition, to overcome the current challenges is important to coordinate with the local government.