Browsing by Subject "Bangladesh"

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Performance and governance challenges of a government-funded microcredit program for the handloom weavers in Bangladesh
(2019) Parvin, Mst. Tania; Birner, Regina
Microfinance is an important policy tool for poverty reduction and employment generation in developing countries. The first microfinance institution was developed in Bangladesh in the 1970s. Since its inception, many studies have been conducted on different aspects of microfinance, such as outreach, impact and sustainability. However, these studies have mostly been limited to the performance of microcredit programs operated by non-government organizations (NGOs). Therefore, it is justified to shift the focus from NGOs to microcredit programs operated by the public sector. To fill this knowledge gap, a case study of Bangladesh Handloom Board (BHB)’s microcredit scheme has been conducted, which represents a publicly sponsored credit program targeting handloom weavers. Using a mixed methods approach, this thesis has analyzed three dimensions of the selected credit program: impact assessment, repayment performance, and governance challenges. These three topics are covered by three different papers in the thesis. The first two papers apply quantitative techniques whereas the third one adopts a qualitative approach for assessing the institutional viability. The objective of the first paper is to estimate the impact of BHB’s microcredit scheme on the handloom weaver’s investment behavior in Bangladesh. From a policy perspective, this analysis is relevant for two reasons. First, it fills the gaps in the impact assessment studies of credit which have largely neglected the government-run microcredit programs. Second, the article provides insights for the promotion and continuation of this public credit program. Using an Instrumental Variable (IV) Two-stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression model, the study findings reveal that the government credit program alone is not sufficient to increase the investment in the handloom sector of Bangladesh. The credit received from sources other than BHB was thought to be more relevant with regard to this goal. However, this result also implies that access to multiple sources of credit put borrowers into a debt trap, which makes them economically worse off after repaying loans with interest. As a result, productive investment does not take place through the credit program. This finding, however, does not imply that the credit program should be stopped. It is concluded that the credit amount available under this program for technology adoption in the handloom sector should be increased. Moreover, providing credit for power looms will facilitate a structural change from using handlooms to power looms, which may provide a more sustainable means of future livelihood for current handloom weavers. The second paper analyses the credit repayment of the BHB’s microcredit scheme. Considering that the repayment rate (which is regarded as one of the success factors of the credit program) was only 65% as of June 2015, this study identifies factors that contribute to such low repayment rate, which makes government-sponsored microcredit programs financially unsustainable. This analysis is important to guide the public credit institutions to design a better lending policy by focusing on the factors that require special attention while lending to the eligible borrowers. Using a Probit model, this study reveals that socioeconomic and community-level factors associated with the borrowers played an essential role in determining timely loan repayment. Some of these factors were beyond the control of the credit institution. In conclusion, this study suggests strengthening the loan monitoring system by opening up more branches so that the timely delivery of financial as well as non-financial services to borrowers can be assured. The third paper examines the governance challenges faced by the BHB. The analysis is based on the findings of the previous two papers. As the findings from both papers highlight the challenges of BHB, it is important to understand why such challenges occur when implementing a government-sponsored credit program and from where they exactly originate. This analysis also has implications for policy revision and reformulation of BHB, which should be guided by a better understanding of the organization-specific problems that a government-funded microcredit program is facing. These challenges are assessed by using a qualitative research method called Process Net-map. The use of this method helps to understand how the credit program is implemented in practice, which may deviate from the prescribed implementation plan. Moreover, this study analyzes the challenges that arise from the perspectives of both the supply-side and the demand-side stakeholders of BHB. The major finding of the first paper is supported by the outcome of this paper as it reveals that shortage of funds was the main obstacle for implementing BHB’s microcredit scheme, which failed to meet the clients’ financial needs. Besides this problem, the shortage of adequate staff was responsible for weak field administration, which is amplified by the lack of incentives to motivate them. Political influence and corruption in the system were also identified as central challenges. From the beneficiary-side, high opportunity cost to get loans, lack of non-financial services, inadequacy of funds, and difficulty in group formation were also major problems. A lack of transparency in information flow between groups was also noted as a problem. This paper concludes that a poorly designed program which fails to address the organization-specific challenges of government-run microcredit program will not improve the livelihood of the intended beneficiaries. Hence, the study recognizes the credit program’s need for a better legal and regulatory framework to address the governance challenges that are identified. The focus should be placed on flexible, demand-driven, bottom-up and participatory initiatives. Overall, the study concludes that government-run microcredit programs, affected by problems from large bureaucracies, face specific challenges, which tend to be larger than those faced by NGO-run microcredit programs. One possible solution may be an enhanced collaborative system that involves both public and private credit institutions as it may encourage cross-sector learning.
Use of household food insecurity scales for assessing poverty in Bangladesh and Uganda
(2008) Alcarez V., Gabriela; Zeller, Manfred
An important dimension of poverty is access to food. Household food security implies access to the food needed for a healthy and productive life. Lack of access to and/or impaired utilization of food contribute to household food insecurity. This study compares the usefulness of a standardized food insecurity scale for determining the food insecurity status of rural and urban households in Bangladesh and Uganda, and for predicting poverty status. The analysis uses data from the IRIS Composite Survey Household Questionnaire (2004), which consists of 1,587 households (approximately 800 households in each country). The coping mechanisms adopted in the presence of food shortages represent the building blocks for the development of the scale (7 items). In order to assess the suitability of the scale as an estimator of the households? poverty status, the benchmark indicator ?daily expenditures per capita? and its relation to the corresponding poverty line serves as the basis for evaluation for each country. The scale provides the means for classifying the households into 3 main groups: Non Food Insecure, Moderately Food Insecure, and Severely Food Insecure. The reliability of the scale is measured via the Cronbach?s Alpha statistic. In addition, the scale is used in regression analysis in order to predict per capita daily expenditures and the poverty incidence. The results show that food insecurity does not always reflect (income) poverty. However, the use of the scale as a predictor of poverty status produces rough estimates of poverty incidence that could be useful as background information. The differentiation of households according to their food security status may be valuable for focusing and developing improved food insecurity mitigation strategies.