Browsing by Subject "Biomasse"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 25

A unified appraisal framework for the assessment of biorefinery technologies : an approach and first steps to application
(2016) Suwelack, Kay; Kruse, Andrea
As part of the desired bio-economy, biomass will find a wide industrial application in the future, re-placing fossil resources and reducing the need of their import from insecure third countries. However, such an increased industrial application of biomass holds its own problems e.g. like an intensifying competition between food and fuel (and so an increasing competition for arable land) and sometimes other serious social problems, such as the so-called Tortilla-Crisis in Mexico in 2007. Therefore, (political) decision making within a bio-economy has not only to account for economic and ecologic aspects, but also for societal ones in the fields of human rights and justice. Moreover, the three aspects of sustainability (economics, environment, and societal aspects) are to be aligned and balanced within those decisions. A standardized assessment methodology for biorefinery technologies, acknowledging all these aspects, has not been presented in literature so far. However, the need for such a standardized assessment framework was already discussed and demanded in the literature. In the present work, a basic architecture for such an assessment methodology as well as a standardized procedure for the selection of biorefinery technologies is presented (Section 2). The methodology includes thoroughly executed technology analysis by Technology Design Assessments (data level). It concerns explicit values and ethics by the use of the triple bottom line approach of sustainability on the impact level. On the decision making level a tailor-made multi-criteria decision making method (Multi-criteria Based Benchmarking) is proposed and Advanced Radar Plots are used for transparent and easy visual comparison of different policy options. The appraisal framework proposed goes beyond the literature on bioenergy appraisal frameworks and can be used as a baseline for future research. Furthermore, first steps towards the implementation of the proposed methodology are undertaken. In this context, hydrothermal carbonization is used as an example as a promising technology in a new developing bio-economy. Based on data from lab experiments, model equations are derived using a severity approach for proper mass balancing (Section 3 and 4). With these equations the product yields of hydrothermal carbonization (of biogas digestate and wheat straw) as well as the degree of carbonization of the hydrochar produced are quantified as functions of different process parameters using a severity approach. In contrast to other studies, a logarithmic dependence on process severity was applied. Process severity itself was calculated from temperature, retention time and catalyst concentration. By these models basing on few selected reaction conditions, a wide range of process conditions can be covered and the yields for the solid, liquid, and gaseous product phase can be predicted. The equations form the necessary data input for the basic Technology Design Assessment of HTC defined within the proposed standardized appraisal framework.
Agricultural diversification of biogas crop cultivation
(2018) von Cossel, Moritz; Lewandowski, Iris
For all types of agricultural land-use, more diverse cropping systems are required, with respect to the maintenance of ecosystem values such as biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation. This need for greater agricultural diversity is clearly illustrated by biogas crop cultivation. In Germany, maize currently dominates biogas crop cultivation due to its outstanding methane yield performance. However, the ecosystem value of maize cultivation decreases if good agricultural practices are ignored. Additionally, the poor aesthetical value of maize has led to biogas production gaining a negative reputation in society. To increase the diversity of biogas crop cultivation, alternative biogas crops such as amaranth and wild plant mixtures need to be investigated with respect to both yield performance and biogas substrate quality. The research objective of this study was the development of strategies for agricultural diversification of biogas crop cultivation. For this purpose, the following research questions were formulated: 1. How does amaranth perform as a biogas crop compared to maize and what are the major opportunities for and obstacles to the large-scale implementation of amaranth cultivation? 2. How does the spatial diversification ‘legume intercropping’ perform in amaranth compared to maize and what are the major opportunities for and obstacles to its practical implementation? 3. How do perennial wild plant mixtures perform in biomass production with respect to yield, quality and species diversity in the long term and what are the relevant agronomic factors? 4. How do available models perform in the prediction of specific methane yield of different crops based on their lignocellulosic biomass composition and how could they be improved? To address research questions 1 and 2, field trials with amaranth and maize were conducted in southwest Germany in the years 2014 and 2015. Amaranth established well in both years. Its dark red inflorescences attracted many insects such as honeybees, wild bees and bumble bees. Therefore, a systematic implementation of amaranth into biogas crop rotations could significantly improve their socio-ecological value in terms of biodiversity conservation and landscape beauty. However, amaranth showed significantly lower dry matter yields (DMY) and specific methane yields (SMY), together resulting in lower methane yields than maize in both years. Therefore, breeding and an optimization of agricultural practices such as sowing density, planting geometry and fertilization management are required to make amaranth more competitive in comparison to maize. To address research question 2, the amaranth field trials mentioned above also included treatments of legume intercropping with runner bean (RB, Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and white clover (WC, Trifolium repens, L.). The RB and WC developed equally well in amaranth and maize each year. For both amaranth and maize, the RB share of total DMY was low (5-10%) and did not significantly affect the total DMY. By contrast, WC had a significant negative effect on the DMY. Overall, the spatial diversification ‘legume intercropping’ could considerably improve the socio-ecological value of amaranth cultivation in terms of biodiversity conservation, greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and soil protection. For research question 3, two different wild plant mixtures (WPM) were cultivated on three sites in southwest Germany from the years 2011 to 2015. At each location, the WPM showed great potential for both biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience. Numerous insect species were observed in the WPM stands each year, indicating WPM as a relevant cropping system for habitat networking. Furthermore, the aesthetic appearance of the WPM stands over the years demonstrated the potential positive effect WPM cultivation could have on the public perception of biogas production. The DMY of the WPM varied strongly depending on (i) the initial composition of species sown, (ii) the establishment procedure, (iii) the environmental conditions, (iv) the pre-crop, and (v) the number of predominant species. WPM were found to have low demands for fertilization and crop protection. Thus, WPM appear a promising low-input cropping system for the promotion of biodiversity conservation, habitat networking, soil and water protection, GHG mitigation and climate change adaptation. However, high DMY gaps remain a challenge for the practical inclusion of WPM in existing biogas cropping systems. With respect to research question 4, a meta-analysis revealed that available models proved to be much less precise than expected. Although outperforming all available models, the correlation of the new models was still low (up to r = 0.66). It was also found that non-linear terms are of less importance than crop-specific regressors including the intercept. This indicates that across-crop models including crop-specific configurations could help to improve the identification of alternative crops and cropping systems for a more diverse biogas crop cultivation in the future.
Biomethane production in an innovative two-phase pressurized anaerobic digestion system
(2015) Chen, Yuling; Jungbluth, Thomas
Generation of biogas from biomass through anaerobic digestion is receiving increasing attention. Over the past decade, the biogas industry has been developing rapidly in Germany, as well as the rest of the world. In Germany, biogas is generally used in a heat and power plant (CHP) for electricity and heat production. However, most biogas plants are located in a rural area, where heating demands are quite low. Except for biogas plant thermal control, a huge amount of cogenerated heat is often wasted. In order to increase the overall energy utilization efficiency, biogas can be alternatively converted to biomethane of natural gas quality and injected into existing gas grids. By making use of the mature gas transportation and storage systems, biogas production and end utilization can be temporally and spatially separated. Therefore, it is regarded as an efficient and flexible solution to energy issues. Nevertheless, in terms of this application, raw biogas requires, above all, gas purification and upgrading. Carbon dioxide content, in particular, must be reduced from 40–50% in the raw biogas to approximately 4% in the purified gas. Conventional technologies are generally expensive in investment and/or operation. Therefore, an economical option is desired. Within this research project, a two-phase pressurized anaerobic digestion system was developed. The innovative concept aimed to reduce the cost involved in biomethane conversion and injection into the natural gas grids by integration of biogas production, purification and compression in one system. It was expected that a great amount of carbon dioxide could be directly removed from the pressurized digester due to its high solubility. In addition, the methane-rich biogas could be produced at an elevated pressure which could meet the injection standard, and therefore could reduce or even avoid the expenses for further compression. In order to gain better understanding of two-phase pressurized anaerobic digestion, three major studies were conducted: - The pressure effects on two-phase anaerobic digestion - Effects of organic loading rate (OLR) on the performance of a pressurized anaerobic filter in two-phase anaerobic digestion - Effects of liquid circulation on two-phase pressurized anaerobic digestion By this means, the system performance could be examined and the technical feasibility and potential of the new concept could be explored. Moreover, an optimization of the process in a two-phase pressurized anaerobic digestion system could be realized. From both economic and ecological perspective, two-phase pressurized anaerobic digestion offers an interesting process option for biomethane production, making a great contribution to sustainable energy supply.
Comparative performance of annual and perennial energy cropping systems under different management regimes
(2007) Böhmel, Ute Constanze; Claupein, Wilhelm
The theme of this thesis was chosen against the background of the necessary substitution of fossil fuels and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One major solution for these topics may be the energy generation from domestically produced biomass. The overall aim of this thesis was the identification of one or more efficient energy cropping systems for Central Europe. The target was set to supply high quality biomass for existent and currently developing modern conversion technologies. Renewable energy production is thought to be environmentally benign and socially acceptable. The existence of diverse production environments necessitates further diversification and the identification of several energy crops and the development of energy cropping systems suited to those diverse environments. This thesis starts with an introductory essay (chapter 1), which provides the background for renewable energy production, its features, demands and potentials, and the scientific basis of this thesis. Chapters 2 to 6 consist of five manuscripts to be published in reviewed journals (Papers I, II, IV and V) or in a multi-author book (Paper III). Subsequently, the results from all papers are discussed in a general setting (chapter 7), from which a general conclusion is formulated (chapter 8). The basis of the research formed four field experiments, which were conducted at the experimental sites Ihinger Hof, Oberer Lindenhof and Goldener Acker of the University of Hohenheim, in south-western Germany. Paper I addresses the overall objective of this thesis. Selected cropping systems for this experiment were short rotation willow, miscanthus, switchgrass, energy maize and two different crop rotation systems including winter oilseed rape, winter wheat and winter triticale with either conventional tillage or no-till. The systems were cultivated with three different nitrogen fertilizer applications. An energy balance was calculated to evaluate the biomass and energy yields of the different cropping systems. Results indicate that perennial lignocellulosic crops combine high biomass and net energy yields with low input and potential ecological impacts. Switchgrass, which produced low yields at the study site, may better perform on marginal sites. Switchgrass is an example of the need to grow site-adapted energy crops. The annual energy crop maize required the highest input, but at the same time yielded the most. The two crop rotation systems did not differ in yield and energy input, but the system with no-till may be more environmentally benign as it has the potential to sequester carbon. The objective of Paper II was the optimization of crop cultivation through the differentiation of input parameters to enhance the quality of the energy crop triticale, without influencing the biomass yield. The intention was to minimize the content of combustion-disturbing elements (potassium and chlorine) and the ash residue of both aboveground plant parts (grain and straw). It was done through different straw and potassium fertilizer treatments. It could be shown that the removal of straw from the previously cultivated crop and no additional potassium fertilizer could reduce the amount of combustion-disturbing elements. A high influence must also be expected from site and weather conditions. Papers III to V address the supply of different high quality biomasses, with the focus on maize for anaerobic digestion. The objective of Paper III was the assessment of the requirements of biogas plants and biomass for anaerobic digestion. It introduces potential energy crops, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Alongside maize, many other biomass types, which are preserved as silage and are high in carbohydrates and low in lignocelluloses, can be anaerobically digested. The development of potential site-specific crop rotation systems for biomass production are discussed. The objective of Papers IV and V was the identification of suitable biomass and production systems for the anaerobic digestion. The focus lay on the determination of (i) suitable energy maize varieties for Central Europe, (ii) optimal growth periods of energy crops, (iii) the influence of crop management on quality parameters and (iv) environmentally benign crop rotation systems. Differently maturing maize varieties were grown in six different crop rotation systems (continuous maize with and without an undersown grass, maize as a main crop partially preceded by different winter catch crops and followed by winter wheat) and tested at two sites. Additional factors were sowing and/or harvest dates. Maize and cumulative biomass yields of the crop rotation systems were compared. Specific methane yield measurements were carried out to evaluate the energy performance of the tested crops. Quality was assessed either by measurements of the dry matter content or by using the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the determination of chemical composition. Results indicate that an environmentally benign crop rotation system requires nearly year-round soil cover to minimize nitrogen leaching. This can be achieved through the cultivation of undersown or catch crops and additional main crops alongside maize, such as winter wheat. Late maturing maize varieties can be cultivated at a site where the maize can build adequate dry matter contents due to a long growth period (late harvest date). The energy generation in terms of methane production was primarily dependent on high biomass yields. It could be further shown that the specific methane yield of maize increased with increasing starch content, digestibility and decreasing fiber content. To conclude, selected site-specific energy crops and crop rotation systems, with suitable crop management, (fertilizer and soil tillage) can produce high quality biomass and the highest net energy return. Lignocellulosic biomass can be optimized for combustion. Wet biomass is an optimal substrate for anaerobic digestion. Profitable energy production is characterized by a high land and energy use efficiency and especially high net energy yields.
Development and assessment of a multi-sensor platform for precision phenotyping of small grain cereals under field conditions
(2014) Busemeyer, Lucas; Würschum, Tobias
The growing world population, changing food habits especially to increased meat consumption in newly industrialized countries, the growing demand for energy and the climate change pose major challenges for tomorrows agriculture. The agricultural output has to be increased by 70% by 2050 to achieve food and energy security for the future and 90% of this increase must be achieved by increasing yields on existing agricultural land. Achieving this increase in yield is one of the biggest challenges for the global agriculture and requires, among other things, an efficient breeding of new, higher-yielding varieties adapted to the predicted climate change. To achieve this goal, new methods need to be established in plant breeding which include efficient genotyping and phenotyping approaches of crops. Enormous progress has been achieved in the field of genotyping which enables to gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of complex traits. However, phenotyping must be considered as equally important as genomic approaches rely on high quality phenotypic data and as efficient phenotyping enables the identification of superior lines in breeding programs. In contrast to the rapid development of genotyping approaches, phenotyping methods in plant breeding have changed only little in recent decades which is also referred to as phenotyping bottleneck. Due to this discrepancy between available phenotypic and genotypic information a significant potential for crop improvement remains unexploited. The aim of this work was the development and evaluation of a precision phenotyping platform for the non-invasive measurement of crops under field conditions. The developed platform is assembled of a tractor with 80 cm ground clearance, a carrier trailer and a sensor module attached to the carrier trailer. The innovative sensors for plant phenotyping, consisting of several 3D Time-of-Flight cameras, laser distance sensors, light curtains and a spectral imaging camera in the near infrared reflectance (NIR) range, and the entire system technology for data acquisition were fully integrated into the sensor module. To operate the system, software with a graphical user interface has been developed that enables recording of sensor raw data with time- and location information which is the basis of a subsequent sensor and data fusion for trait determination. Data analysis software with a graphical user interface was developed under Matlab. This software applies all created sensor models and algorithms on sensor raw data for parameter extraction, enables the flexible integration of new algorithms into the data analysis pipeline, offers the opportunity to generate and calibrate new sensor fusion models and allows for trait determination. The developed platform facilitates the simultaneous measurement of several plant parameters with a throughput of over 2,000 plots per day. Based on data of the years 2011 and 2012, extensive calibrations were developed for the traits plant height, dry matter content and biomass yield employing triticale as a model species. For this purpose, 600 plots were grown each year and recorded twice with the platform followed by subsequent phenotyping with state-of-the-art methods for reference value generation. The experiments of each year were subdivided into three measurements at different time points to incorporate information of three different developmental stages of the plants into the calibrations. To validate the raw data quality and robustness of the data collection and reduction process, the technical repeatability for all developed data analysis algorithms was determined. In addition to these analyses, the accuracy of the generated calibrations was assessed as the correlations between determined and observed phenotypic values. The calibration of plant height based on light curtain data achieved a technical repeatability of 0.99 and a correlation coefficient of 0.97, the calibration of dry matter content based on spectral imaging data a of 0.98 and a of 0.97. The generation and analysis of dry biomass calibrations revealed that a significant improvement of measurement accuracy can be achieved by a fusion of different sensors and data evaluations. The calibration of dry biomass based on data of the light curtains, laser distance sensors, 3D Time-of-Flight cameras and spectral imaging achieved a of 0.99 and a of 0.92. The achieved excellent results illustrate the suitability of the developed platform, the integrated sensors and the data analysis software to non-invasively measure small grain cereals under field conditions. The high utility of the platform for plant breeding as well as for genomic studies was illustrated by the measurement of a large population with a total of 647 doubled haploid triticale lines derived from four families that were grown in four environments. The phenotypic data was determined based on platform measurements and showed a very high heritability for dry biomass yield. The combination of these phenotypic data with a genomic approach enabled the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL), i.e., chromosomal regions affecting this trait. Furthermore, the repeated measurements revealed that the accumulation of biomass is controlled by temporal genetic regulation. Taken together, the very high robustness of the system, the excellent calibration results and the high heritability of the phenotypic data determined based on platform measurements demonstrate the utility of the precision phenotyping platform for plant breeding and its enormous potential to widen the phenotyping bottleneck.
Effects of woody plants and their residues on crop yield, weedsand soil carbon fractions in selected arable cropping systems
(2018) Xu, Jialu; Gruber, Sabine
Gehölze können auf Ackerflächen zu Produktionszwecken angebaut werden (z.B. Bäume zur Biomasseproduktion) oder dienen als Feldgrenzen (z.B. Hecken). Gehölzpflanzen auf Ackerflächen wirken sich dabei positiv auf die Biodiversität aus, verringern die Bodenerosion sowie die Nitratauswaschung und haben einen positiven Einfluss auf die Trinkwasserqualität. Des Weiteren tragen sie zu einer Zunahme der organischen Bodensubstanz und zur Kohlenstoffsequestrierung im Boden bei und leisten damit einen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz. Die Gehölzpflanzen selber und auch deren Rückstände wie z.B. Häckselgut von Hecken können aber auch ungewünschte Auswirkungen auf die Kulturpflanzen nach sich ziehen, die beispielsweise durch allelopathische Effekte oder durch die Konkurrenz um Ressourcen (z.B. Licht) hervorgerufen werden. In der Vergangenheit fielen Gehölzpflanzen auf Ackerflächen vermehrt der Intensivierung und Mechanisierung in der Landwirtschaft zum Opfer, während heutzutage Bestrebungen bestehen, deren Zahl zu erhalten, um Ökosystemleistungen zu sichern. Das Ziel dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit war, Wechselwirkungen zwischen Pflanze und Boden bei ausgewählten Gehölzen sowie deren Ernterückständen auf Ackerflächen zu untersuchen. Die vorgelegte Arbeit besteht aus vier Publikationen und umfasst Labor- und Feldexperimente, die sich zum einen mit den Effekten von Hackschnitzeln aus Heckenrückschnitt auf die landwirtschaftliche Produktion und zum anderen mit dem Vergleich einer Kurzumtriebsplantage mit anderen „Energiepflanzen“ in unterschiedlichen Anbausystemen beschäftigen. In den Untersuchungen werden relevante Aspekte zu Erträgen der Kulturpflanzen, Unkräutern und ausgewählten Bodenparametern herausgegriffen. Die erste Publikation (veröffentlicht im Agronomy Journal) beschreibt Langzeiteffekte der Ausbringung von Hackschnitzeln von Hecken (hauptsächlich Acer pseudoplatanus L., Prunus avium L., Prunus padus L., Salix caprea L., Ligustrum vulgare L., und Fraxinus excelsior L.) auf den Ertrag und den Unkrautbesatz auf einer ökologisch bewirtschafteten Ackerfläche. Hierfür wurden Daten eines 16-jährigen Versuchs auf der ökologisch bewirtschafteten Versuchsstation Kleinhohenheim in Südwestdeutschland gesammelt. Untersucht wurde der Effekt von Hackschnitzelmulch (HSM) auf eine typische Fruchtfolge (Getreide, Leguminosen und Ackerfutter). Die Hackschnitzel stammten vom Rückschnitt der Hecken des Betriebs und wurden jährlich in drei verschiedenen Mengen ausgebracht (0, 80 und 160 m3 ha-1). HSM führte zu einer Reduktion des Unkrautbesatzes um 9 % im Frühjahr, wobei höhere Ausbringungsmengen im Vergleich zu niedrigeren generell in geringerem Unkrautbesatz resultierten. Der Einfluss auf den Ertrag war statistisch nicht signifikant, jedoch wurden über die Versuchszeit tendenziell sinkende Erträge auf mit HSM behandelten Parzellen gegenüber der Kontrolle beobachtet. Die unkrautunterdrückende Wirkung des HSM könnte auf verschiedenen Effekten beruhen, nämlich der mechanischen Behinderung des Auflaufens von Unkräutern, einer geänderten Bodentemperatur, einer reduzierten Stickstoffverfügbarkeit durch die Gabe von Material mit vergleichsweise weitem C:N-Verhältnis sowie allelopathischen Effekten. Hackschnitzel können daher zwar zur Unkrautkontrolle auf Ackerflächen verwendet werden, es müssen jedoch potentiell ungewünschte Effekte auf die Kulturpflanzen berücksichtigt werden. Die zweite Publikation (eingereicht bei Seed Science Research) basiert direkt auf der ersten und beschäftigt sich mit möglichen allelopathischen Effekten von HSM und deren Einfluss auf die Samenkeimung unter Laborbedingungen. Getestet wurden die Auswirkungen wässriger Extrakte von Hackschnitzeln der Salweide (Salix caprea L.) und der Gewöhnlichen Traubenkirsche (Prunus padus L.) auf die Keimung von Raps (Brassica napus L.) und Weizen (Triticum aestivum L.). Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer standardisierten Extraktionsmethode, wobei die Trocknung (Gefriertrocknung, Ofentrocknung mit 25, 60 oder 105 °C), das Mahlverfahren, das Holz-Wasser-Verhältnis bei der Extraktion (HWV; 1:10, 1:15 oder 1:20) und das Ausgangsmaterial (Rinde oder Kernholz) variiert wurden. Die Extrakte aus der Gefriertrocknung und die des ungetrockneten Holzes führten nach zwei Wochen zu der geringsten Keimrate (<6 %) bei beiden Kulturarten. Die ofengetrockneten Varianten besaßen eine höhere Keimrate von 12 bis 53 %. Die Keimrate von Raps lag bei einer hohen HWV (1:10) mit Extrakten aus gemahlenen Hackschnitzeln der Gewöhnlichen Traubenkirsche bei 26 % und damit signifikant niedriger als mit Extrakten aus ungemahlenem Material (49 % Keimung). Weizenkörner keimten unter diesen Bedingungen in geringerer Anzahl als Raps, aber die Keimung war mit Extrakten aus gemahlenem Material (1%) auch geringer als mit Extrakten aus ungemahlenem Material (19 %). Der Effekt der Keimungsunterdrückung stieg mit erhöhtem HWV bzw. höherer Konzentration der Extrakte. Die Keimraten betrugen durchschnittlich für HWV 1:20 86 %, für HWV 1:15 71 % und für HWV 1:10 35 % mit gemahlenen Hackschnitzeln. Aus der Rinde gewonnene Extrakte führten zu einer signifikant geringeren Keimrate (<4 %) als die des Kernholzes (<88 %). Die effektivste Methode zur Erhaltung offensichtlich allelopathisch wirksamer Verbindungen war die Kombination aus gemahlenen Hackschnitzeln aus Rindenholz, Gefriertrocknung (-50 °C) und einem hohen HWV. Diese hatte den größten Effekt auf die Unterdrückung der Keimung. Die Ergebnisse aus dieser Publikation können zur Untersuchung weiterer Gehölzarten angewandt werden und bieten eine Grundlage für die Auswahl geeigneter Substrate mit einem möglichst hohen allelopathischen Potential zur Unterdrückung von Unkraut. Die dritte Publikation (in Vorbereitung) beschäftigt sich mit der organischen Substanz (OS) beim Anbau mit Gehölzen zur energetischen Nutzung im Vergleich zum Anbau annueller Energiepflanzen auf Ackerland. Untersucht wurde ein 12-jähriger Dauerversuch auf der Versuchsstation Ihinger Hof in Südwestdeutschland mit einer Weiden-Kurzumtriebsplantage (Salix schwerinii E. Wolf x viminalis L.) und einer 12-jährigen Maismonokultur (Zea mays L.). In diesem Versuch wurden Bodenproben im Bereich 0 –10 cm und 10 – 20 cm gezogen. An jeder Probe wurden im Labor eine Dichtetrennung sowie eine Fraktionierung nach Korngröße durchgeführt, und der Kohlenstoffgehalt jeder Fraktion bestimmt. Die Dichtefraktionierung resultierte in einer leichten Fraktion (<1,8 g cm-3), die sich aus freier partikulärer und in Bodenaggregaten eingeschlossener OS „occluded- particulate organic matter“ (f-POM und o-POM) zusammensetzte sowie der schweren Fraktion, bestehend aus drei Klassen verschiedener Partikelgrößen: Sand (63-2000 μm), Lehm (2-63 μm) und Ton (<2 μm). Generell fanden sich höhere Gehalte an OS in der oberen Bodenschicht unter Weiden (1,39 %) als im Maisanbau (1,13 %). Im Boden unter Weiden war die leichte Fraktion (f-POM und o-POM) um 154 % höher als beim Maisanbau. Grund dafür war der kontinuierliche Zufluss von Streu und von Wurzelresten sowie die fehlende Bodenbearbeitung. Ebenso war das C:N Verhältnis der OS in den Sandfraktionen unter Weide (28, 24 und 16) höher als unter Mais (23, 18 und 9). Die Ergebnisse deuten auf einen langsamen Umsatz von OS und damit auf ein höheres Kohlenstoffsequestrierungspotential unter Weiden in Kurzumtriebsplantage als beim Maisanbau hin. Die vierte Publikation (veröffentlicht im Agronomy Journal) nutzt denselben 12-jährigen Feldversuch wie die dritten Publikation. Es erfolgte eine Bewertung des Biomasse- und des Bruttoenergieertrags von sechs annuellen und perennierenden Energiefruchtfolgen mit verschiedenen Stickstoffdüngungsstufen. Die annuellen Systeme bestanden aus Mais in Monokultur mit reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung; einer Fruchtfolge mit Raps (B. napus L. ssp. oleifera) – Weizen (Triticum aestivum L.) – Triticale (Triticale x triticosecale Wittmack) mit wendender bzw. keiner Bodenbearbeitung. Die perennierenden Systeme umfassten eine Kurzumtriebsplantage mit Weiden (S. schwerinii E. Wolf x viminalis L.), Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef et Deu.) und Ruthenhirse (Panicum virgatum L.). Für jedes Anbausystem wurden drei Stickstoffdüngungsstufen (0, 50 und 100 % der praxisüblichen Düngemenge) etabliert. In Mais wurde im Mittel der höchste jährliche Biomasseertrag festgestellt (18,5 Mg ha-1), gefolgt von Miscanthus (18,3 Mg ha-1) jeweils bei einem N-Düngeniveau von 100 %. Ohne Stickstoffdüngung lag der jährliche Biomasseertrag bei Miscanthus mit 13,6 Mg ha-1 am höchsten. Das hohe Ertragsniveau konnte bei beiden Kulturen über die 12-jährige Versuchslaufzeit nur mit der höchsten N-Düngerstufe gehalten werden. In den Fruchtfolgen und bei Rutenhirse sanken die Erträge über die Jahre auch mit hoher Stickstoffgabe. Je geringer die Stickstoffdüngung ausfiel, desto stärker war der Ertragsrückgang. Die Weiden in Kurzumtriebsplantage zeigten unabhängig von der Stickstoffdüngung und der Versuchslaufzeit im Mittel gleichbleibende Erträge von 11 Mg ha-1. Offenbar ist die Stickstoffdüngung für Weiden in Kurzumtriebsplantagen im Vergleich zu den anderen untersuchten Kulturen und Anbausystemen ein weniger wichtiger Produktionsfaktor. Das Ausbringen von Hackschnitzel von Hecken auf Ackerflächen und der Anbau von Gehölzpflanzen (Weide in Kurzumtriebsplantage) zeigten Effekte im oberirdischen Pflanzenaufwuchs und hatten Auswirkungen auf die Bodeneigenschaften. Gewünschte Auswirkungen der Managementmaßnahmen waren (i) die Verringerung des Unkrautbesatzes, (ii) der geringe Stickstoffinput für eine zufriedenstellende Produktivität von Weiden in Kurzumtriebsplantage, und (iii) und die Erhöhung der OS (Kohlenstoffsequestrierung). Unerwünschte Effekte äußerten sich in der tendenziellen Reduktion der Biomasseproduktion der Kulturpflanzen Wie die Studie zu Extrakten aus den Hackschnitzeln zeigt, scheinen tatsächlich allelopathische Effekte eine mögliche Ursache für die Unkrautunterdrückung bei der Hackschnitzelapplikation zu sein. Diese oder ähnliche Effekte könnten auch nach der Rodung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen auf die Nachfrüchte auftreten, z.B. aus Rückständen von Wurzeln und Stamm. Weiterhin könnte beim Erhalt von Heckenbiotopen auch mit einer Kohlenstoffsequenzierung gerechnet werden, ähnlich wie es bei den Weiden in Kurzumtriebsplantage gezeigt wurde. Die günstigen Effekte des Anbaus von Gehölzen könnten Landwirte motivieren, Gehölzpflanzen auf ihren Ackerflächen zu belassen bzw. zu etablieren und die Ökosystemleistungen auf dem Betrieb zu erhöhen. Weiterführende Forschung könnte darauf abzielen (i) technische Lösungen für eine praktikable Hackschnitzelausbringung zur Unkrautbekämpfung zu finden, (ii) die allelopathisch wirksamen Substanzen von Gehölzen zu identifizieren und zu isolieren und so gegebenenfalls Grundlage für eine neue Generation von Herbiziden zu schaffen, (iii) Langzeitfolgen von Ernterückständen nach dem Anbau von Kurzumtriebsplantagen auf die nachfolgenden Kulturen zu untersuchen, und (iv) Studien zur C-Sequestrierung unter naturnahen Hecken vorzunehmen.
Genome-wide association mapping of molecular and physiological component traits in maize
(2013) Riedelsheimer, Christian; Melchinger, Albrecht E.
Genome-wide association (GWA) mapping emerged as a powerful tool to dissect complex traits in maize. Yet, most agronomic traits were found to be highly polygenic and the detected associations explained together only a small portion of the total genetic variance. Hence, the majority of genetic factors underlying many agronomically important traits are still unknown. New approaches are needed for unravelling the chain from the genes to the phenotype which is still largely unresolved for most quantitative traits in maize. Instead of further enlarging the mapping population to increase the power to detect even smaller QTL, this thesis research aims to present an alternative route by mapping not the polygenic trait of primary interest itself, but genetically correlated molecular and physiological component traits. As such components represent biological sub-processes underlying the trait of interest, they are supposed to be genetically less complex and thus, more suitable for genetic mapping. Using large diversity panels of maize inbred lines, this approach is demonstrated with (i) biomass yield by using metabolites and lipids as molecular component traits and with (ii) chilling sensitivity by using physiological component traits such as photosynthesis parameters derived from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. In a first step, we developed a sampling and randomization scheme which allowed us to obtain metabolic and lipid profiles from large-scale field trials. Both profiles were found to be inten- sively structured reflecting their functional grouping. They also showed repeatabilities higher than in comparable profiles obtained in previous studies with the model plant Arabidopsis under controlled conditions. By applying GWAS with 56,110 SNPs to metabolites and lipids, large-scale genetic associations explaining more than 30 % of the genetic variance were detected. Confounding with structure was found to be a problem of less extent for molecular components than for agronomic traits like flowering time. The lipidome was also found to show a multilevel control architecture similar as employed in controlling complex mechanical systems. In several instances, direct links between candidate genes underlying the detected associations and agronomic traits could be established. An example is cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in the lingin biosynthesis pathway. It was found to be a candidate gene underlying a major QTL found for several intermediates in the lignin biosynthesis pathways. These intemediates were in turn found to be correlated with plant height, lignin content, and dry matter yield at the end of the vegetation period. The different signs of these correlations indicated that the relationships between pathway intermediates and the final product is not simple. Directly modeling complex traits with individual component traits may therefore require consideration of feedback loops and other interdependencies. Such connections were however found difficult to be established with physiological components underlying chilling sensitivity. The main reasons for this were the weak correlations between physiological components under controlled conditions and chilling sensitivity in the field as well as high levels of genotype × environment interactions caused by the complex and environment- dependent responses of maize after perception of chilling temperatures. The approach explored in this thesis research uses component traits to gain biological insights about the genetic control of biomass yield and chilling sensitivity evaluated in diverse populations of still manageable sizes. We showed that GWAS with 56k SNPs can identify large additive effects for component traits correlated with these traits. For mapping epistatic interactions and rare variants, classical linkage mapping with biparental populations will be a reasonable complementary approach. However, controlling and modeling genotype × environment interactions remains an important issue for understanding the genetic basis of especially chilling sensitivity. If the goal is merely to predict the phenotypic value in a given set of en- vironments, black-box genomic selection methods with either SNPs, molecular profiles, or a combination of both, are very promising strategies to achieve this goal.
Governance challenges of developing biomass-based value webs : the case of maize in Ethiopia
(2018) Mengistu, Tilahun Woldie; Birner, Regina
In recent years, the need to move from an economy based on fossil resources to an economy based on biological resources has gained increasing attention. The bioeconomy has the potential to ensure sustainable growth by enhancing the usage of untapped biomass resources. This potential is particularly pronounced in sub-Saharan Africa and has attracted the attention of both governments and the international donor community. To use the potential of the bioeconomy in a sustainable way without jeopardizing food security, it is essential to increase the productivity and the efficiency of the production and utilization of biomass. Using the maize production in Ethiopia as a case study, this thesis aims to identify strategies that will contribute to a higher productivity and better utilization of biomass in the emerging bioeconomy. Maize has been selected for this case study because it is on one the one hand a major food crop in Africa while it has, on the other hand, the potential to provide biomass for multiple uses in the bioeconomy. Ethiopia is well suited for the case study because it is confronted with major challenges of food security, while it has at the same time a large underutilized potential to increase the production of biomass for the bioeconomy. The thesis focuses on two themes: One is an analysis of the seed system, because maize seed supply has been identified as a major bottleneck to increasing productivity in the production of biomass. Ethiopias seed sector has been plagued with problems of seed quality regulation, certification, dominance of informal seed sourcing, and inefficient distribution system, among other governance challenges. There have been major reform efforts in recent years, but there is not sufficient empirical evidence on how these reforms have fared. The second theme to the thesis is the utilization of the biomass from maize. This topic has been selected because there is a dearth of empirical evidence on the usage of the different components of maize (e.g. cob, stalk, leaves etc.) for several purposes, and its implications for household food security. Against this background, the broad objective of this thesis is threefold: (1) to analyze the institutional arrangements for maize seed quality regulation, and uncover the governance challenges therein; (2) to identify the governance challenges in the hybrid maize seed distribution system and analyze farmers’ preferences of the select attributes for hybrid seed distribution; and (3) to assess usages of the different components of maize biomass, and examine its implications for food security. The thesis is based on a mixed methods approach. Data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study of seed quality regulation relies primarily on qualitative data collected through Process Net-Maps, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and direct observation in three maize growing districts. For the second and third objectives, data were collected using household survey and a choice experiment covering 325 farmers, Process Net-Maps, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. We employ the latent class and endogenous switching regression models to analyze the choice experiment data on farmers’ preference for the distribution attributes and effect of farmers’ diverse biomass use decision on food security, respectively. The findings of the thesis contribute to the wider debates on governance and institutional challenges of ensuring food security through development of the bioeconomy, taking maize as an important bioeconomy crop. By investigating the roles of different stakeholders in the seed system, the study finds that the systems suffer from a number of governance and institutional challenges such as corruption, implementation gaps that arise due to capacity limitation and lack of political will to support private sector participation. The study suggests ways to overcome the governance challenges, which include enhancing internal as well as external quality control mechanisms, redefining certification standards, making certification services transparent, participatory and cost-effective, and a strong political will to fully implement reforms by promoting private sector participation. Additionally, the positive and homogeneous preferences for attributes like seed quality, types of sales outlets and access to credit that are shared by the majority of the surveyed farmers’ show the extent to which reform outcomes deviated from the needs of farmers. The study identified farmers’ preferences regarding the question of how they would like to access hybrid seeds and recommends ways to overcome the governance challenges in seed distribution in Ethiopia. In addition to examining problems regarding production, the study confirmed that maize biomass utilization is crucial for food security and development of bioeconomy. The findings show that maize biomass is underutilized in the country because of lack of enabling conditions such as access to extension and information, marketing channels, availability of multi-purposes maize varieties and value-adding technologies. The findings led to the recommendation that policy innovation to provide better access to these conditions is essential to achieve growth in the maize sector and food security.
Governance of emerging biomass-based value webs in Africa : case studies from Ghana
(2018) Poku, Adu-Gyamfi; Birner, Regina
Rising global demand for food as well as for feed and biomass-based raw materials such as fuel and fibre crops has increased pressure on the agricultural sector, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The expected trend of increased demand for more diverse biomass-based produce from agricultural land effectively transforms the agriculture sector from just a food-supplying to a biomass-supplying sector in the growing international bioeconomy. This transition is leading to the development of biomass-based value webs whereby there are complex systems of interlinked value chains in which food, fodder, fuels, and other raw materials are produced, processed, traded and consumed. Against this background, this thesis aims to evaluate the appropriate roles of the public, private and third (civil society) sectors in facilitating the transformation of the agricultural sector in the developing bioeconomy in Ghana. The study focuses on the emerging value webs of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and maize (Zea mays), which are the two most important staple crops in Ghana.
How can miscanthus be integrated most efficiently into agricultural production systems?
(2019) Mangold, Anja; Lewandowski, Iris
The demand for biomass is increasing steadily, as fossil resources are gradually being replaced by biomass within the context of a developing bioeconomy. Plant-based feedstocks currently used for this replacement virtually all come from annual crops. However, perennial crops such as miscanthus are expected to be more environmentally benign due to their generally low-input requirements and high yield potential. Despite these advantages, the current cultivation area of miscanthus in Europe is quite low. One reason for this is that the cultivation and utilization of miscanthus faces several challenges. For example, the most common propagation method via rhizomes is very labour-intensive and thus expensive, leading to high establishment costs. Seed propagation is a promising option to reduce costs, but is not suitable for sterile genotypes. Another challenge to be overcome is the problem of re-integrating former miscanthus fields into crop rotations. The crop following miscanthus needs to be highly competitive in order not to be impaired by resprouting miscanthus shoots and thus able to achieve high yields. Additionally, there is only little information available on the effect of miscanthus cultivation and its subsequent removal on soil N content. This information is however crucial, for example to avoid environmental problems being caused by a potential nitrogen leaching after a miscanthus removal. If miscanthus is to be utilized as a biogas substrate, there are further challenges to be overcome. Firstly, the optimal harvest date needs to be defined with regard to the methane hectare yield and resilience of the crop to green cutting. Secondly, as a continuous supply of biomass throughout the year is necessary, ensiling will become a relevant topic. However, information is still required on the optimal harvest date to achieve a sufficient silage quality and the effects of ensiling on methane hectare yield. Finally, the suitability of miscanthus for biogas production is also influenced by biomass quality such as the proportions of leaf and stem. This has already been established for miscanthus utilization in combustion but has not yet been sufficiently investigated for anaerobic digestion. In summary, there are a number of uncertainties involved in miscanthus establishment, removal and utilization, which currently hamper its integration into agricultural production systems. From a bioeconomic point of view, this integration needs to be conducted as efficiently as possible in terms of nutrient-use, environmental and land-use efficiency. The aim of this study was to contribute to the filling of these knowledge gaps. To answer these knowledge gaps, several miscanthus field trials and laboratory experiments were conducted: a novel propagation method was tested; the re-integration of miscanthus fields into a crop rotation was analysed; and the effect of genotype, harvest date and ensiling on the digestibility and methane hectare yield was investigated. The results illustrate some possibilities of improving the nutrient-use, environmental and land-use efficiency of miscanthus biomass production along its supply chain: It was shown that miscanthus propagation via collars is feasible and a promising alternative to rhizome propagation, as the multiplication rate of collars is comparable to that of rhizome propagation. As the harvesting of collars is likely to be less labour-intensive and is less destructive for the mother field than rhizome propagation, this method is more favourable for both economic and ecological reasons. The re-integration of miscanthus into crop rotations revealed maize to be a suitable crop after miscanthus, as it coped with the prevailing soil conditions and suppressed resprouting miscanthus efficiently, resulting in satisfactory yields. The soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) content was found to increase during the vegetation period following a miscanthus removal, but was generally on a low level (average: 17.3 kg Nmin ha-1). Additionally, it was found that, in Germany, miscanthus should be harvested in mid-October to maximize methane yields and nutrient recycling but minimize yield reduction. In addition, silage quality was best when miscanthus was harvested on this date. As leaf proportion correlated positively with substrate-specific methane yield (SMY) and thus genotypes with a higher leaf proportion were found to have a higher SMY, methane hectare yields could be increased even further by using genotypes with a high leaf proportion. In summary, the approaches developed in this study allow to considerably improve the ecological and economic performance of miscanthus production by increasing nutrient-use,environmental impact and land-use, and thus simplifying implementation into practice.
Integration of hyperspectral, genomic, and agronomic data for early prediction of biomass yield in hybrid rye (Secale cereale L.)
(2021) Galán, Rodrigo José; Miedaner, Thomas
Currently, the combination of a growing bioenergy demand and the need to diversify the dominant cultivation of energy maize opens a highly attractive scenario for alternative biomass crops. Rye (Secale cereale L.) stands out for its vigorous growth and increased tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors. In Germany, less than a quarter of the total harvest is used for food production. Consequently, rye arises as a source of renewables with a reduced bioenergy-food tradeoff, emerging biomass as a new breeding objective. However, rye breeding is mainly driven by grain yield while biomass is destructively evaluated in later selection stages by expensive and time-consuming methods. The overall motivation of this research was to investigate the prospects of combining hyperspectral, genomic, and agronomic data for unlocking the potential of hybrid rye as a dual-purpose crop to meet the increasing demand for renewable sources of energy affordably. A specific aim was to predict the biomass yield as precisely as possible at an early selection stage. For this, a panel of 404 elite rye lines was genotyped and evaluated as testcrosses for grain yield and a subset of 274 genotypes additionally for biomass. Field trials were conducted at four locations in Germany in two years (eight environments). Hyperspectral fingerprints consisted of 400 discrete narrow bands (from 410 to 993 nm) and were collected in two points of time after heading for all hybrids in each site by an uncrewed aerial vehicle. In a first study, population parameters were estimated for different agronomic traits and a total of 23 vegetation indices. Dry matter yield showed significant genetic variation and was stronger correlated with plant height (r_g=0.86) than with grain yield (r_g=0.64) and individual vegetation indices (r_g: =<|0.35|). A multiple linear regression model based on plant height, grain yield, and a subset of vegetation indices surpassed the prediction ability for dry matter yield of models based only on agronomic traits by about 6 %. In a second study, whole-spectrum data was used to indirectly estimate dry matter yield. For this, single-kernel models based on hyperspectral reflectance-derived (HBLUP) and genomic (GBLUP) relationship matrices, a multi-kernel model combining both matrices, and a bivariate model fitted also with plant height as a secondary trait, were considered. HBLUP yielded superior predictive power than the models based on vegetation indices previously tested. The phenotypic correlations between individual wavelengths and dry matter yield were generally significant (p < 0.05) but low (r_p: =< |0.29|). Across environments and training set sizes, the bivariate model yielded the highest prediction abilities (0.56 – 0.75). All models profited from larger training populations. However, if larger training sets cannot be afforded, HBLUP emerged as a promising approach given its higher prediction power on reduced calibration populations compared to the well-established GBLUP. Before its incorporation into prediction models, filtering the hyperspectral data available by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) was worthwhile to deal with data dimensionally. In a third study, the effects of trait heritability, as well as genetic and environmental relatedness on the prediction ability of GBLUP and HBLUP for biomass-related traits were compared. While the prediction ability of GBLUP (0.14 - 0.28) was largely affected by genetic relatedness and trait heritability, HBLUP was significantly more accurate (0.41 - 0.61) across weakly connected datasets. In this context, dry matter yield could be better predicted (up to 20 %) by a bivariate model. Nevertheless, due to environmental variances, genomic and reflectance-enabled predictions were strongly dependant on a sufficient environmental relationship between data used for model training and validation. In summary, to affordably breed rye as a double-purpose crop to meet the increasing bioenergy demands, the early prediction of biomass across selection cycles is crucial. Hyperspectral imaging has proven to be a suitable tool to select high-yielding biomass genotypes across weakly linked populations. Due to the synergetic effect of combining hyperspectral, genomic, and agronomic traits, higher prediction abilities can be obtained by integrating these data sources into bivariate models.
Management of excess standing biomass in Argentinean grasslands to increase grass and livestock productivity
(2016) Kurtz, Ditmar Bernardo; Asch, Folkard
Grasslands are the main source of feed for cattle in Argentina. Standing dead biomass (SDB) accumulation threatens efficient resource use. To reduce dead biomass pools in Northern Argentinean rangelands, high impact grazing (HIG) was proposed as an alternative to both, mechanical elimination and the use of fire. However, the effects of HIG on grasslands’ biomass accumulation, diversity and forage quality are unknown. The effect and timing of HIG by cattle was therefore studied in grasslands of North Eastern Argentina. We introduced HIG monthly, on adjacent paddocks over the course of the year and its effects were studied for 12 months following the treatment. Dynamics of biomass re-growth, accumulation of green and standing dead biomass were studied. Additionally, the effects of HIG on plant species composition and the forage quality parameters were monitored and evaluated. The immediate effect of HIG was the reduction of the standing biomass by more than 95%. HIG generally improved the green to total biomass ratio and reduced the overall biomass in the paddocks. All sub-plots subjected to HIG showed a growth pattern anti-cyclic to control, with an active growth phase during autumn when the biomass in the control sub-plots decreased. Best results in terms of SDB reduction and dead to green biomass ratios were achieved after HIG in winter. HIG in autumn, however, reduced fodder availability and reduced from then on, grasslands productivity. Irrespective of the season HIG was applied, the grassland recovered completely with regard to species richness and diversity, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) and the Shannon’s equitability index (E) did not reveal any difference within 12-month period after HIG. Our results suggest that HIG is not shifting plant species composition to a more ruderal strategy based plant community, but instead promotes previously established rather competitive and higher value fodder species. Our results indicate that HIG improves the nutritive value of the green biomass due to increased crude protein (CP), digestible organic matter (DOM), and (metabolizable energy) ME, but if applied in summer it has no evident positive effect. On an area basis, grassland subjected to HIG provided enough monthly ME and CP to meet the requirements of the current stocking density in Corrientes. HIG could be an alternative management practice, to fire and other mechanical SDB elimination, towards sustainable intensification. However, we are aware that long-term observations with repeated HIG should be analysed to detect possible delayed effects and interactions especially with seasonal variability.
Nachwachsende Rohstoffe : entwicklungspolitisch einmal anders gedacht
(2011) Zeller, Manfred; Breuer, Thomas; Henckes, Christian; Loos, Tim K.
Steigende Agrarpreise, und damit steigende Nahrungsmittelpreise, beleben die Diskussion über die Notwendigkeit der ?Non-Food?-Nutzung (Anbau von Energiepflanzen, aber auch Pflanzen für die stoffliche Nutzung, z.B. Holz oder Kautschuk) von Agrarrohstoffen. Dieses Diskussionspapier betrachtet die allgemeinen Brennpunkte der Debatte und erörtert speziell die Möglichkeiten von Biotreibstoffen als Triebkraft für Investitionen in Infrastruktur und Marktzugang im ländlichen Raum und als Treiber der Nachhaltigkeitsdiskussion im Agrarsektor der Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer. Auf lange Sicht ist die konkurrierende Nutzung von Land für Energie- und Nahrungsmittelpflanzen differenziert zu betrachten. Kurz- bis mittelfristig jedoch ist die energetische und stoffliche Nutzung von Agrarprodukten eine alternative Markt- und damit auch Einkommensmöglichkeit für die Landwirtschaft. In den Industrieländern bietet der Anbau von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen die Möglichkeit, Überschussproduktionen einzudämmen und Exportsubventionen abzubauen. Damit wird auch deren preissenkender Einfluss auf den Weltmarkt abgebaut. In den Entwicklungsländern könnten sich dadurch Produktionsanreize im Agrarsektor ergeben, die, ausgelöst durch landwirtschaftliche- und außerlandwirtschaftliche Beschäftigungseffekte, eine Armutsreduktion induzieren könnten. Zusätzlich besteht die Möglichkeit, den lokalen Energiebedarf mit ökologisch nachhaltigen Ressourcen zu unterstützen und damit den Kleinbauern neben dem Marktzugang auch die Möglichkeit zur lokalen Veredelung zu bieten. Allerdings würde sich die Situation für Erzeuger in Entwicklungsländern noch zusätzlich verbessern, wenn Industrieländer nicht die Erzeugung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen (NawaRo) subventionieren, sondern auf tarifäre und nichttarifäre Importbarrieren für Agrarprodukte, inklusive der nachwachsenden Rohstoffe, verzichten würden. Im Zusammenhang mit der Förderung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen stellen sich der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit verschiedene Herausforderungen. Um eine breitenwirksame Armutsminderung zu erzielen, muss vor allem die kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft unterstützt werden. Hierzu sollten Ansätze verfolgt werden, in denen die bäuerlichen Produktionssysteme, wegen ihrer Beschäftigungseffekte, mit agro-industriellen Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten kombiniert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang besteht die Notwendigkeit und die Möglichkeit, die sozialen (inkl. breitenwirksames Wachstum) und ökologischen (Erhalt und Förderung der natürlichen Ressouren) Bedingungen der Produktion aller Agrarrohstoffe nachhaltig zu gestalten.
Ökonomische Bewertung der „Doppelernte“ von Getreidekörnern mit den Reststoffen Spreu und Stroh
(2021) Ortmaier, Jörg; Köller, Karlheinz
Objective of this work is an economic evaluation of new harvesting methods, so-called “dual- harvesting” methods for common harvesting of grains and their residual biomass. In detail, the aim is on the one hand to evaluate the predicted higher quality and quantity per hectare of har-vestable residual biomass such as chaff and straw that can be realized with dual-harvesting technologies, but on the other hand especially their additional income contrasted to the pro-cess costs by proceeding dual-harvesting. For this purpose, combine harvesting with additional chaff or straw harvesting is compared to some dual-harvesting methods, both in terms of process technology and in monetary terms. Dual-harvesting methods are simulated with self-propelled forage harvester threshing, forage wagon windrow harvesting, compact harvesting and harvesting with a tractor mounted stripper header. The comparison includes the required logistic-chains and crop aftertreatment, i.e. sta-tionary separation of grain and biomass for each method. As basis for calculations is done specific modeling, e.g. for chaff yields and crop volumes as a function of grain yield. Parame-ters such as area size are included and also field distance, loss times, e.g. for turning opera-tions in the field, working speeds and road transport speeds. A calculation model developed for this purpose calculates time required for harvesting of one field for all processes with the greatest possible comparability. Based on machine costs stored in databases, e.g. for depreci-ation or wear and repair, which are automatically transferred to their desired process calcula-tion via selection lists, the costs per operating hour and, including area per hour and area size, costs per hectare can be determined for each harvesting process. Since all processes have different levels of grain and biomass losses, the process-specific, total revenues for grain and biomass are calculated accordingly and process costs calculated in each case are deducted from them. The resulting harvest cost free outputs (HCFO) are used as a comparative value. Without taking into account costs of reproducing soil organic matter as long term result, the following HCFO result for the individual methods according to the assumptions are calculated: combine threshing with bale harvesting 1309.93 €/ha; compact harvesting 1285.66 to 1529.53 €/ha depending on the amount of straw harvested; forage harvester threshing 1421.04 €/ha; forage wagon swath harvesting 1429.40 €/ha; tractor-mounted stripper header 1279.58 €/ha. The compact harvesting method thus has an advantage of up to 219.60 €/ha over the estab-lished combine and bale technology with same given assumptions. The other methods are in between or slightly below the combine harvesting. If costs for nutrient removal and soil organic matter reproduction are included for long term perspective, the advantage of compact harvest-ing is up to 143.44 €/ha. Based on literature research and model calculations, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that dual-harvesting methods actually make residual materials usable in greater quantities with higher quality than it is possible with widely used combine harvesting. Concerns expressed by Buchmann (1961) and Garmasch (1960) regarding the suitability of combine harvesting for an efficient provision of chaff and straw are substantiated when calculation re-sults are taken into account. In addition, agronomic effects of dual-harvesting methods are positive compared to combine harvesting, which was not able to be evaluated in monetary terms and therefore represents a great need for future research. The positive assessment is due to improved field hygiene by removing weed seeds and plant pathogens from the field during dual-harvest. This could re-duce the need for chemical pesticides. Use of cereal residues not only improves resource effi-ciency and "saves" land for cultivation of renewable raw materials, but the carbon contained in chaff and straw remains bound in sustainable products to a greater extent, such as in biochar. Dual-harvesting is an essential tool for cost-effective provision of plant residues required for that purpose and at the same time offers great potential for more environmentally friendly field management and benefits for biodiversity, e.g. through possibility of regular cultivation of plant mixtures instead of individual crops. Digital development up to autonomous field management can be made more rational in dual-harvesting methods through simplified processes in the field, which can be expected to lead to further increases in efficiency of grain and residue har-vesting in the future.
Optimierung der Konservierung und der anaeroben Konversion von Zuckerrüben zur Nutzung in flexiblen Biogassystemen
(2019) Kumanowska, Elzbieta Joanna; Jungbluth, Thomas
Biogas production is well suited to balance the fluctuating electricity production from the renewable energy sources sun and wind. Due to the currently unfavorable conditions in the renewable energy supply policy in Germany, time is spent looking for alternatives for electricity production from biogas. The preparation for natural gas quality for fuel production or for natural gas grid injection would be such an alternative but requires process improvements to reduce costs. One approach would be to use two-stage biogas production, as there is a high methane content in the produced biogas, thus reducing the cost of processing to natural gas quality. A suitable substrate for both applications would be sugar beet, due to its fast biodegradability and good methane yields. The preservation of sugar beets for year-round provision has so far been problematic because it can cause high losses. In addition, it can cause process biological problems, if it is used in high proportions. In the context of this work, the use of sugar beets for biogas production was tested using these promising methods. For this purpose, storage experiments were carried out and new storage methods for the practice were developed and tested, all of which are primarily aimed at the use of sugar beet silage effluent. Practice-based point-feeding experiments were used to test its suitability for demand-oriented biogas production. Furthermore, the optimization of the two-stage biogas production from sugar beet was carried out. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the biogas laboratory to determine the optimum hydrolysis pH during the fermentation of sugar beet silage. In order to develop a new, optimal method for the storage of sugar beets, further knowledge regarding the process of ensiling sugar beets, the silage effluent formation and the influencing parameters was required. Therefore, mass balances were carried out in the column experiments in the laboratory of the State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy to determine the influence of the parameters stack height and sugar beet chips size on the silage effluent formation during the ensiling process of the chopped sugar beets. Silage effluent was produced in amount about 50% of the stored mass. About half of the silage effluent production took place during the first three weeks of storage. The produced silage effluent was characterized over the entire storage time by extremely high COD-values of 250 g l-1. The parameters stack height and particle size had no significant influence on the mass balance. On the basis of the results of the column experiments, a mobile and a stationary method on a technical scale for the storage of sugar beets were investigated. In the mobile variant, the flexible tanks, washed, chopped sugar beet was ensiled. Considering the goal to maximize silage effluent yield, the ensiling of chopped sugar beet was superior to the ensiling of whole beet. Also, soil removal is advantageous for silage effluent production as well as for silage quality. Storage in the stationary pit silos proved to be technically advantageous, and it promises to be well suited for the intended applications when in combination with washed and chopped beets. The application of produced silage effluent for demand-oriented biogas production was carried out at the research biogas plant of the University of Hohenheim. The system’s response observed as an increase in biogas production took place a few minutes after the point feeding with sugar beet silage effluent. As a result of the point feeding, the produced volumetric biogas flow rate was doubled without endangering the stable biogas plant operation. The maximum gas production was reached after about 1:45 h. In this work, a concept for the use of sugar beet for the production of high calorific biogas was tested, based on the two-stage anaerobic digestion. The experimental plants consisted of a horizontal stirred tank reactor for hydrolysis and two combined fixed bed reactors used as a methane reactor. The influence of the pH value in the hydrolysis stage on the anaerobic digestion of sugar beet silage was tested. High degradation rates and methane yields demonstrated the overall suitability of this system for sugar beet silage digestion. The best compromise of the process parameters degradation rate in complete system and methane yield was achieved at a pH value of 6. The investigation carried out for this work shows, that the concept of a new sugar beet storage method, with a focus on sugar beet silage effluent production, is well suited for demandoriented biogas production as well as for the production of a high calorific biogas by means of the two-stage biogas process.
Phenotypic and molecular analyses of grain and biomass productivity under irrigated and rainfed conditions in hybrid rye
(2014) Gottwald, Marlen; Miedaner, Thomas
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a small grain cereal used for bread making, livestock feeding and as renewable energy source. These types of usages are leading to different breeding goals. Rye growing regions are affected by climate change and consequently by drought. Germany is touched by rainless periods in spring and early summer in the last years. Again, in spring 2012 farmers in Brandenburg and Lower Saxony were affected by drought periods. Yield losses in those regions, especially in combination with sandy soils are expected. Therefore much attention is paid for breeding of drought resistant germplasm. Briefly, our objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the biomass and biogas potential of different plant materials, their quantitative genetic parameters and biogas-related traits, (2) analyze two recombinant inbred lines and differences in their yield potential between irrigated and rainfed regime, as well as the relative efficiency for indirect selection for drought resistance in irrigated regime, and (3) investigate the phenotypic performance for ten agronomic and quality traits across multiple environments and estimated the number and effects underlying QTL. For the biomass-/ biogas analyses a wide range of plant material was analysed. Germplasm resources, full-sib families selected for grain and forage use were tested for their per se and testcross performance and experimental hybrids selected for grain use and population cultivars selected for grain and forage use were analyzed. Dry matter yields varying across environments from 106 to 177 dt/ha for per se and testcross performance, respectively. For testcross performance, germplasm resources showed similar values to forage rye. The later the maturity stage, the more dry matter yield on the whole plant level was achieved. Estimates of genotypic variances for biomass yield were significant for all rye materials, whereas the variances per se and for testcrosses were for germplasm resources exorbitant higher than for forage and grain rye. Typical cumulative methane production curves were obtained for the whole plant material from the Hohenheim biogas yield test. Methane yield showed large differences between second and third harvest date for individual plant fractions. Differences between genotypes were not substantial for methane yield although significant in some instances. At EC77/83 hybrids and forage rye reached similar methane yield of about 5000 m3/ha. A high correlation between dry matter yield and methane yield was observed (r=0.95). Concerning high cost and time consuming analysis of biogas tests, for breeders the main breeding goal should be maximum dry matter yield. Direct selection on dry matter yield should indirect improve methane yield. Two biparental populations were used for the analysis of drought tolerance. The analysis was performed in duplicate. Both populations were grown under irrigated and rainfed regimes. Striking less rainfall compared to long-term precipitation occurred between April and July, during critical phases of plant development. Grain yield reduction between irrigated and non-irrigated regime ranged from 2% to 29.6% for population A and 2% to 40% for population B, whereas differences between both regimes were significant (P<0.05) for five and four environments, respectively. Genotypic variances of grain yield were significant in all instances, whereas genotype by irrigation interaction variance between both regimes being significant only in three and four environments for population A and B, respectively. Analysis across those environments revealed significant difference for genotype by irrigation interaction variance and the three-way interaction variance in both populations. Heritability estimates were higher for the irrigated than for the rainfed regime. High interaction variance with environment and no clustering of the two regimes in a multi-dimensional analysis were found. This illustrates the different soil and whether conditions between locations and additionally every location suffered from a different drought stress. The correlation between both regimes was significant but moderate, but genotypic coefficients considerably higher (Pop-A: 0.86, Pop-B: 0.84), which could be substantiated that testcrosses differed not substantially in drought-resistance. Indirect selection for drought in the irrigated regime was predicted to be equally or more efficient than direct selection in the non-irrigated regime. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis was done across ten environments for both biparental populations for the general improvement of agronomic and quality traits in rye. Population A were genotyped with a Rye5K SNP array and for population B DArT genotyping was done with a 3K rye array. Additionally both populations were genotyped with about 150 SSRs. The genetic linkage maps comprised 1,819 and 1,265 markers for population A and B, respectively and were used for the QTL analysis for ten agronomic and quality traits. Phenotyping revealed large genetic variation for ten agronomic and quality traits. Intensive phenotyping at up to ten environments led to moderate to high heritabilities. Across environments explained genotypic variance of the individual QTL ranged from 5 to 55%. For 1000-kernel weight, test weight, falling number, and starch content, several QTL with high effects and a frequency of recovery of about 90% were identified in both population. Rye suffered from drought stress in the last decade. Focusing on general improvement of rye regarding yield and quality, as well as improving rye regarding drought-resistance is important. Future research should be done in fine mapping and validation of the detected QTLs, for exploiting their potential in marker assisted breeding.
Phenotypic, genetic, and genomic assessment of triticale lines and hybrids
(2017) Losert, Dominik; Würschum, Tobias
Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a small grain cereal used for livestock feeding and as renewable energy source. These diverse types of usage lead to different breeding strategies, ideally resulting in continued increase of both, grain and biomass yield. Briefly, the objectives of this thesis were to explore aspects with relevance for line and hybrid breeding in triticale by phenotypic, genetic and genomic assessment of important traits. More specifically, the objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate agronomic traits, assess trait correlations, and investigate the amount of heterosis in triticale hybrids, (ii) examine the potential of line and hybrid cultivars for production of biomass, (iii) assess the phenotypic and genotypic variability in triticale germplasm, (iv) investigate long-term phenotypic trends based on cultivars registered in the past three decades, and (v) identify QTL for agronomical relevant traits. In conclusion, hybrids of triticale possess an increased biomass yield potential compared with their mid-parent values as well as compared with commercial reference cultivars. The findings on triticale germplasm and its breeding history provide important information for breeding programs. Furthermore, based on the obtained results, genomic approaches like marker-assisted or genomic selection appear promising to assist triticale breeding in the future.
Physiological and growth responses of Jatropha curca L. to water, nitrogen and salt stresses
(2012) Rajaona, Arisoa Mampionona; Asch, Folkard
This thesis provides necessary and complementary information for an improved understanding of jatropha growth to guide further research to evaluate the response of jatropha to abiotic stressors and for designing plantations adapted to the plants? requirements. Given the fact that jatropha is claimed to grow on marginal lands, we studied effects of water supply, salt stress, nitrogen and air humidity as major abiotic stressors on gas exchange parameters and biomass production followed by management options for pruning the trees to positively influence biomass productivity and to contribute to optimize resource use. The effects of water availability (rainfed versus irrigated) on growth and gas exchange parameters were investigated for 4-year old jatropha grown in a semi-arid environment at a plantation site in Madagascar in 2010. The results confirmed that 1250 mm water in addition to a 500 mm rainfall did not affect biomass production and instantaneous gas exchange. Nevertheless, leaf light responses of irrigated plants were higher than that of rainfed plants. The study showed to what extent salt stress affected water use, canopy water vapour conductance, leaf growth and Na and K concentrations of leaves of 3-year old and young jatropha plants. 3-year old plants were exposed to seven salt levels (0-300 mmol NaCl L-1) during 20 days and young plants to five salt levels (0-200 mmol NaCl L-1) during 6 days. In both experiments, plants responded rapidly to salt stress by reducing water loss. The threshold value of responses was between 0 and 5 dS m-1. Leaf area increment of young jatropha had a threshold value of 5 dS m-1 implying that jatropha is sensitive to external salt application in terms of canopy development, conductance and CO2 assimilation rate. Transpiration of plants in both experiments was reduced to 55% at EC values between 11 and 12 dS m-1 as compared to non-stressed plants. These findings indicate that jatropha responds sensitive to salt stress in terms of leaf elongation rate and consequently canopy development, and to immediate physiological responses. Leaf gas exchange characteristics of jatropha as affected by nitrogen supply and leaf age were intensively studied, as carbon assimilation is one of the central processes of plant growth and consequently a key process embedded in modelling approaches of plant productivity. This study showed that N supply effects on leaf gas exchange of jatropha leaves were small with only the treatment without nitrogen resulting in lower rates of CO2 assimilation rate and light saturated CO2 assimilation rate, nevertheless, effects of N supply on biomass formation were pronounced. Instantaneous rates of leaf gas exchange of different leaves subject to variable air humidity (atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD)) were investigated. This study showed that CO2 assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) were correlated in a hyperbolic fashion, and that gs declined with increasing VPD. Maximal stomatal conductance of jatropha was in the range of 382 mmol m-2 s-1 and gs is predicted to be close to zero at 6 kPa. Effects of VPD, via stomatal conductance, by preventing high transpiration rates, have been demonstrated to be decisive on water use efficiency. Our findings are in this regard relevant for the estimation of water use efficiency of jatropha. The outcome further indicates favourable conditions at which stomatal opening is high and thereby allowing for biomass formation. This information should be considered in approaches which aim at quantifying leaf activity of field-grown bushes which are characterized by spatially highly diverse conditions in terms of microclimatic parameters. Microclimatic parameters can be modified by the tree structure. The reported field experiment on 4-year old jatropha indicated that the biomass production and canopy size depended mainly on primary branch length. A comparison of plants of different pruning types with regard to trunk height (43 versus 29 cm) and total length of primary branches (171 versus 310 cm), suggest that higher biomass production and greater leaf area projection was realized by trees with short trunks and long primary branches. Growth of twigs and leaves was positively correlated with total length of branches. Relative dry mass allocation to branches, twigs and leaves, length of twigs per cm of branches and specific leaf area were not affected by pruning and water supply. Trees with shorter branches had a higher leaf area density. As opposed to an allometric relationship between the average diameter of primary branches and total above ground biomass, our data suggest that these traits were not constantly correlated. Our data indicate that the length of newly formed twigs, where the leaves are attached to, can be related to the total length of already established branches. Leaf area density and relative dry mass allocation to leaves were not affected by the two pruning techniques, indicating that pruning differences in leaf area size were proportionally converted to corresponding pruning differences in the canopy volume exploited by plants. The results reported in this study are relevant for understanding jatropha growth. It helps farmers first for a better plantation management and researchers as well as contribution to future modelling purpose concerning jatropha growth under variable climatic conditions. Additionally, it should complement information for a better set of priorities in research, contribute indirectly to breeding programs and adjust agricultural policies in terms of encountering global change.
Quantitative-trait loci (QTL) mapping of important agronomical traits of the grain and biomass production in winter rye (Secale cereale L.)
(2015) Haffke, Stefan; Miedaner, Thomas
Rye is an important crop in Northern and Eastern Europe and mainly used for food and feed and became most recently important for biogas production. Hybrid rye varieties dominate the cultivated area, which is mainly on light and sandy soils, because rye has a relatively high tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Climate change will also affect Central Europe, causing higher temperatures and less precipitation in spring and summer. Rye will be influenced more by these effects than other cereals because it is mainly grown on marginal environments. Rye has a high potential for being used as a biogas substrate, but detailed information on improving this trait in hybrid rye is missing. Until now, no study that analyzed phenotypic and genotypic agronomic traits for using rye for biogas production exists. Further, there is only one study, which dealt with the influence of periodic drought stress in rye cultivated areas. Beside this, we analyzed yield stability over a wide range of environments in consideration of drought stress in Central Europe. We analyzed an interpool hybrid population (Pop-D) in 2011 and 2012 at seven environments in Germany for the biomass yield and grain yield (Publication I). This study showed low correlations between grain yield and dry matter yield (r = 0.33). Higher correlations were obtained with two plant height measurements (at heading time, r = 0.64; before harvest, r = 0.52) and dry matter yield. The indirect selection via plant height was superior in contrast to the direct selection of dry matter yield by factor 1.24. Genotypic results confirmed phenotypic results as no overlapping QTL for grain yield and dry matter yield were detected (Publication II). However, we identified common gene regions for plant height and dry matter yield due to the high correlation between both. Plant height is a promising trait for indirectly selecting high biomass yielding varieties. The paradigm shift from shorter plants with high grain yield to taller hybrids as a resource for biogas substrate needs additional breeding efforts for lodging resistance. In Publication III we analyzed two intrapool populations (Pop-A and -B) and one interpool population (Pop-C) at 16 – 18 environments (location x year combinations) under irrigated and rainfed conditions in Germany and Poland. Yield stability was high over a wide range of environments, even when drought stress environments were included. This illustrates the adaption of rye to marginal and drought stress environments. The analyzed populations showed no differences within yield stability, but yield differences between inter- (Pop-C) and intra-pool (Pop-A and -B) crosses were visible. Selection for yield stability is possible due to the genetic variance for this trait within all three populations. Therefore, it is important to select genotypes with low genotype x environment interaction. All three populations showed high yield stability on a high yield level and were already well adapted to extreme weather events caused by climate change. It is recommended to use highly diverse environments with irrigated and rainfed conditions to select on yield stability and high yielding varieties under optimum and drought conditions
Soil moisture dynamics in integrated crop - livestock - forestry systems in the Cerrado Biome in Central - West Brazil
(2021) Glatzle, Sarah; Asch, Folkard
The Cerrado biome in Brazil covers about 200 million ha and is a global biodiversity hotspot. Over the last decades, the Cerrado biome underwent and is still undergoing an excessive expansion in agriculture. Deforestation and replacement of the natural Savannah vegetation by cropland and pasture contributes to serious environmental problems, including soil degradation and altered water cycles. The integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) system is currently promoted as a measure for sustainable intensification. It improves the use of cultivated areas, recovers previously degraded land, and could be a strategy for adapting agriculture to climate change. Despite being considered a key indicator of how integrated systems affect ecological processes, soil moisture (SM) dynamics in literature have not been consistently analyzed, and continuous observation of seasonal SM dynamics are mostly unaddressed. Since SM of complex ecosystems is influenced by numerous factors, several additional parameters need to be considered to create a comprehensive understanding of the interlinked processes, such as radiation, rainfall, and biomass. The objective of this cumulative PhD thesis was to investigate SM dynamics and aboveground grass biomass under different land use systems in the Cerrado biome of Central West Brazil. In the first study, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) received at grass canopy level, SM, AGBM between the tree rows, and seasons in a mature ICLF system were investigated. Across the seasons, a distinct gradient was observed with SM being lower close to the tree rows than in the space between them. During winter, SM in the topsoil decreased to critical values, and dropped to the permanent wilting point next to the tree rows. During spring and summer, incident PAR was lower close to the trees than at the center point, while during autumn and winter, when PAR is generally lower, it was more evenly distributed between the tree rows. Aboveground grass biomass (AGBM) showed a distinct distribution within the ICLF system with maximum values in the center and about 50% of the biomass close to the tree rows. The results suggest that, restrictions in AGBM accumulation shifted among seasons between water limitations in winter and light limitations during summer. In the second study, the seasonal and spatial variability of SM of Cerrado soils under four different land use systems was investigated under consideration of soil physical characteristics and grass biomass. In rainy and dry season, SM in the upper 100 cm of the soil was highest in the integrated crop-livestock (ICL) system, followed by the continuous pasture (COP), and lowest in the land use systems including trees, ICLF and Cerrado. Whereas in COP and in ICL, water was mainly taken up from the upper 30 cm, in ICLF, the strongest soil moisture depletion was observed between a soil depth of 40 and 100 cm. Although in the Cerrado SM in the topsoil was lower than in the other land use types, water was conserved below 60 cm depth. Both integrated systems improved soil properties, such as bulk density and soil organic carbon compared to COP, and increased biomass productivity was observed, demonstrating the benefits of the integrated systems over the traditional grazing system. The results suggest that ICLF systems show increased evapotranspiration compared to conventional pasture and other integrated systems without trees. In the third study, the effects of the presence of eucalyptus trees on the seasonal pasture and animal performance in ICLF systems 8 years after establishment were investigated. Forage morphology, production, and nutritive value plus performance of Nellore heifers in two ICLF systems with varying in trees density, were evaluated and compared with a grass-only pasture. In both ICLF systems, the forage nutritive values were improved compared with a grass-only pasture. Nevertheless, grass biomass and accumulation rate were higher in the grass-only pasture. By the 8th year, the ICLF systems were unable to support both forage and animal production equivalent to a grass-only pasture, due to the high impact of the Eucalyptus trees on radiation received at the grass canopy and on soil moisture. Improved soil characteristics and forage nutritive values compared to grass-only pastures, and the potential restoration of natural ecosystem functions regarding water recycling into the atmosphere, demonstrated the benefits of ICLF systems and highlight their potential to contribute to sustainable agricultural intensification. However, high water consumption by trees poses a risk to grass productivity during the dry season and thus, the system may consequently not be used for grazing all year round. Therefore, research on management options mitigating the impact of drought on grass productivity is needed. As the impact of the trees on the system is highly dependent on their age, these studies should consider the entire life cycle of the system.