Browsing by Subject "Bone ash"

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Bone ash data in the context of phosphorus and phytase evaluation in poultry
(2021) Künzel, Susanne; Rodehutscord, Markus
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element that is crucial for various metabolic processes in the body of animals and humans. To keep the animals healthy and to obtain food products rich in nutrients, an adequate P supply is indispensable. Plant feedstuffs, the main components of poultry diets, contain P in a form that is only partially available to poultry. For this reason, poultry diets are often supplemented with mineral P. However, global rock phosphate reserves, where mineral P is mined from, are limited. Additionally, excessive P supply should also be avoided because of the environmental impact of P accumulation in the soil. Consequently, P supply not exceeding the requirements of poultry is essential to ensure animal wellbeing and to protect the environment. In order to feed diets with adequate concentrations of P, it is necessary to have suitable approaches for the determination of available P in the animal. The availability of P varies widely between feed components and it is also influenced by feed supplements and other factors. Bone ash analysis is an often-used tool to evaluate the relative bioavailability of P since a high amount of P is stored in the bones. A standard assay for bone ash analyses has never been agreed on. Therefore, many different approaches are described in the literature with an unknown impact on the results of P bioavailability studies. The main objective of the present thesis was to examine the suitability of bone ash data for the evaluation of available P in poultry with emphasis on methodological aspects. Therefore, different studies with broiler chickens and Japanese quail were conducted. The experiments comprised various aspects related to P availability in poultry. The effect of feed supplements in the form of phytase products, myo-inositol and a coccidiostat were evaluated. Furthermore, quantitative genetic analyses were performed. All experiments had in common that tibiotarsus (tibia) or foot ash data or both were used for the examination of the relative bioavailability of P. Based on the data that accrued during the studies described in the four manuscripts of this thesis, comprehensive methodological analyses were performed. The tibia and foot were compared regarding their appropriateness as a trait for the evaluation of the relative bioavailability of P by using bone ash data. The relationship between the two traits was investigated, as well as the relationship between foot or tibia ash and quantitative P measurements. Additionally, P concentration in the ash of both bone fractions was analysed and compared. Results indicated only minor differences between tibia and foot ash data. No clear preference for one of them could be deduced from the data. The left and right feet of broiler chickens were compared in terms of both ash concentration and total ash amount. Significant differences between the two feet of the same animal were detected for both traits. Consequently, not only the choice of the bone fraction but also of the body side should be considered when sampling for bone ash data. Ash data are mostly expressed as a concentration of the dry matter content of the bone. Also possible is the use of the absolute ash amount. The relationship of both ways of expression with traits of quantitative P measurements was analysed by using correlation coefficients and regression analyses. Results showed that the absolute ash amount was at least as suitable as ash concentration but has the advantage that it is easier to determine. Possible selection procedures for animals for bone ash analyses were simulated with data from two of the experiments. Often it is not possible to use all animals involved in an experiment for bone ash analyses. Therefore, the influence of sampling frequency and selection method on the outcome of P availability studies was evaluated. Results indicated that the number and selection method of animals for bone ash data might influence the results. However, it was not possible to recommend a specific selection method based on the obtained results. Estimates of heritability and genetic correlations showed the suitability of bone ash data as a proxy trait for P efficiency breeding of poultry. The absolute amount of bone ash data appeared to be most promising for this purpose. Bone ash data are a very useful and easy to determine trait to estimate the relative bioavailability of P. However, investigations performed in this thesis showed the importance of a careful selection of methods. A standardised assay would be helpful to obtain meaningful and more comparable estimates of relative P bioavailability.