Browsing by Subject "Convective boundary layer"

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Profiling the molecular destruction rates of temperature and humidity as well as the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the convective boundary layer
(2024) Wulfmeyer, Volker; Senff, Christoph; Späth, Florian; Behrendt, Andreas; Lange, Diego; Banta, Robert M.; Brewer, W. Alan; Wieser, Andreas; Turner, David D.
A simultaneous deployment of Doppler, temperature, and water-vapor lidars is able to provide profiles of molecular destruction rates and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the convective boundary layer (CBL). Horizontal wind profiles and profiles of vertical wind, temperature, and moisture fluctuations are combined, and transversal temporal autocovariance functions (ACFs) are determined for deriving the dissipation and molecular destruction rates. These are fundamental loss terms in the TKE as well as the potential temperature and mixing ratio variance equations. These ACFs are fitted to their theoretical shapes and coefficients in the inertial subrange. Error bars are estimated by a propagation of noise errors. Sophisticated analyses of the ACFs are performed in order to choose the correct range of lags of the fits for fitting their theoretical shapes in the inertial subrange as well as for minimizing systematic errors due to temporal and spatial averaging and micro- and mesoscale circulations. We demonstrate that we achieve very consistent results of the derived profiles of turbulent variables regardless of whether 1 or 10 s time resolutions are used. We also show that the temporal and spatial length scales of the fluctuations in vertical wind, moisture, and potential temperature are similar with a spatial integral scale of ≈160 m at least in the mixed layer (ML). The profiles of the molecular destruction rates show a maximum in the interfacial layer (IL) and reach values of ϵm≃7×10-4 g2 kg-2 s-1 for mixing ratio and ϵθ≃1.6×10-3 K2 s-1 for potential temperature. In contrast, the maximum of the TKE dissipation is reached in the ML and amounts to ≃10-2 m2 s-3. We also demonstrate that the vertical wind ACF coefficient kw∝w′2‾ and the TKE dissipation ϵ∝w′2‾3/2. For the molecular destruction rates, we show that ϵm∝m′2‾w′2‾1/2 and ϵθ∝θ′2‾w′2‾1/2. These equations can be used for parameterizations of ϵ, ϵm, and ϵθ. All noise error bars are derived by error propagation and are small enough to compare the results with previous observations and large-eddy simulations. The results agree well with previous observations but show more detailed structures in the IL. Consequently, the synergy resulting from this new combination of active remote sensors enables the profiling of turbulent variables such as integral scales, variances, TKE dissipation, and the molecular destruction rates as well as deriving relationships between them. The results can be used for the parameterization of turbulent variables, TKE budget analyses, and the verification of large-eddy simulations.
Studies of soil-vegetation-atmosphere feedback processes with WRF on the convection permitting scale
(2017) Milovac, Josipa; Wulfmeyer, Volker
Land system models which can incorporate land-atmosphere and human-environment interactions are vital for reliable climate projections in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. At resolutions fine enough to resolve detailed land use, models need a sophisticated representation of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and land surface processes in order to predict changes in key quantities like precipitation or temperatures. Assessment of turbulence schemes and land surface models (LSM) is fundamental therefore not only to advance model development, but also to understand important phenomena like feedbacks within the soil-vegetation-atmosphere (SVA) continuum. Up until now however, a lack of appropriate observations has impeded any comprehensive assessments. Here, through comparisons with so far unique profile measurements, the study investigates the impact of using different PBL schemes and LSMs, and explores how SVA feedbacks are simulated by the model. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a six member ensemble was run, at a convection permitting resolution, with varying combinations of LSMs (NOAH and NOAH-MP) and PBL schemes (two local and two non-local approaches). The analysis was performed for two case studies – a dry and a convective weather situation – in three different locations in Germany. During the dry case, key convective PBL (CBL) features were analysed, and the simulations were compared with high resolution water vapour differential absorption lidar measurements. For the convective case, the focus was on exploring the model representation of the pre-convective environment and the ensuing convection and precipitation. In both cases, the nature of the simulated SVA feedback processes was assessed through an innovative “mixing diagram” approach. Results show that the nonlocal PBL schemes produce a drier and higher CBL than the local schemes. These results are sensitive to parameters calculated in the surface layer schemes, which are themselves often paired with PBL schemes. Furthermore, the NOAH‑MP LSM produces drier atmospheric conditions than NOAH, with a difference in mixing ratio profiles ranging up to 1.4 gkg-1. These variations are more pronounced in the upper CBL than close to the ground. The mixing diagrams indicate that these deviations are mainly related to entrainment fluxes. In the dry case, NOAH-MP’s dry air entrainment is up to 6 times higher than with NOAH, while in the convective case the difference is not as pronounced (up to 1.5 higher with NOAH-MP). This suggests that the difference in the simulation of the CBL between the two LSMs is strongly linked to the surface energy partitioning – the higher the Bowen ratio, the greater the difference between the LSMs. Thus, WRF appears to be more sensitive to the choice of LSM at higher Bowen ratios. NOAH and NOAH-MP exhibit marked differences in representing atmospheric variables such as moisture. Those differences are not constrained to the lower atmosphere close to the land surface, but extended to the lower troposphere. The variations in free tropospheric moisture between the LSMs strongly affects the nature of the simulated convection, and associated precipitation. The degree of sensitivity of the spatial variability and amount of the precipitation with respect to the selection of LSM and PBL scheme shows a strong dependence on the analysed region. A distinct finding of this thesis is the greater sensitivity of WRF with respect to the PBL development to the selection of the LSM, than to the PBL scheme. Furthermore, the impact of this sensitivity is not constrained to the lower CBL, but extends up to the interfacial layer and the lower troposphere - for both dry and convective weather conditions. On the other hand, it is clear that the simulated coupling strength between the land surface and atmosphere is very sensitive to the surface Bowen ratio. The synergies between high resolution measurements and model simulations, with an advanced representation of the land surface processes, will facilitate not only further development of parameterization schemes, but also an improvement in our understanding of land-atmosphere interactions.