Browsing by Subject "Critical period"

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Unkrautbekämpfung in Zuckerrüben - Ermittlung der Kritischen Periode
(2003) Kobusch, Henner; Hurle, Karl
Early leaf stages of sugar beet are very sensitive to weed competition, which is a major reason for the absence of thresholds for weed control in sugar beet. In combination with non-selective herbicides, the use of herbicide resistant sugar beets appears to allow the control of weeds at a later date than usual applications of common selective herbicides. Therefore, it is necessary to know the critical period, in which the crop should be weed free in order not to loose yield. The influencing factors of the critical period are the moment until weed can be tolerated (beginning of the critical period) and the moment after weed can be tolerated (end of the critical period). The primary objective of the present work was the establishment of a parameter, which would allow a determination of the critical period independent of location and season. Therefore, triannual field trials were carried out at three different sites in the Ukraine and in Stuttgart-Hohenheim in order to evaluate the suitability of different parameters. In addition, by use of a glufosinat resistant sugar beet transformant, the practicability of the critical period was investigated. Application of the critical period and moreover the definition of a general period threshold requires a reference value defining the beginning and end of the critical period which is both independent of location and season. The primary aim of this work was to establish a parameter, which fulfills this condition. All parameters relate to the growth of sugar beet or of the weed quantify their interaction. The following parameters were investigated: the leaf stage of the sugar beet, the weed and sugar beet coverage level, the relative weed coverage, the temperature sum and the intensity of weed shading of the beets. The investigation took place at three separate sites in the Ukraine and in Stuttgart-Hohenheim enabling the effect of different sites to be taken into account. A uniform sugar beet leaf stage until and after weeds could be tolerated was not found. The leaf stage until weeds could be tolerated varied between the 2 and 10 leaf stage. Similarly the leaf stage after which the weeds could be tolerated varied between the 2 and 12 leaf stage of the beet. A uniform and therefore location and year-independent degree of sugar beet coverage and weed coverage relating to leaf stage was not found at the beginning of the critical period at the Hohenheim site (1999 and 2000) and Poltava (1999) in the Ukraine. The degree of weed cover varied at the beginning of the critical period between 96.7% and 66.5% in Hohenheim. The same applies to the degree of sugar beet coverage which varies between 5.3% and 15%. The difference between the two levels of coverage is almost completely compensated by the parameter relative weed coverage. At the Hohenheim site it only varied between 94.8% and 84.5%. The minimum value was found at Poltava with 83.8%. On this basis, a maximum relative weed coverage of 83 % can be tolerated without significant yield loss. Herewith, a decisive parameter is defined as a measure for timing weed control in sugar beets. However, an important requirement is the availability of efficient control methods at this certain point of time. In a further step an attempt was made to apply the critical period in relation to the leaf stage of the beet by using a glufosinate resistant sugar beet transformant. In no trail it could be waited with glufosinate applications until the beginning of the critical period. The latest leaf stage, when glufosinate application had to start in Poltava and Vinnitsa was the 6-leaf stage, whereas the critical period began at the 10- or 12-leaf stage. A limiting factor for the definitive application of the beginning of the critical period was shown in the field trials by a decreasing tolerance of the glufosinate resistant transformant at ever later leaf stages of beet development. Prediction model investigations confirmed this correlation. In addition to the effect of the leaf stage the effect of weather conditions was also apparent. The increase in air humidity from 50 % to 80 % led to an increase in NH3 concentration in the resistant transformant, regardless of its leaf stage. NH3 is found in non-resistant plants due to the inhibition of glutamine-synthetase by glufosinate, which leads to cell death. The largest increase in NH3 when the air humidity was increased from 50 % to 80 % occurred at the youngest leaf at the 6-leaf stage. In addition to the dependency of NH3 concentration on leaf stage the effect of leaf age was also apparent. Concluding, the control of weeds, related to the leaf stage of glufosinate resistant sugar beet, has to be done before the critical period begins. Unfortunately, technologies, which offer the possibility to control weeds by an integration of the critical period, are so far not available.