Browsing by Subject "Cyclisation"

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Studien zur Synthese von Pyripyropenen und Strukturanaloga durch Cyclisierungen
(2007) Schmidt, Dietmar; Beifuss, Uwe
In 1993 Omura et al. isolated from the culture broth of Aspergillus fumigatus FO 1289 a new class of compounds that exhibit a polyoxygenated sesquiterpene and α-pyrone and therefore was called pyripyropenes. Up to now pyripyropenes represent the most potent inhibitors of the enzyme cholesterol-O-acyl transferase (ACAT) that plays a key role in human fat metabolism. For example, arteriosclerosis have its origin in a fat digestion disorder and therefore ACAT-inhibiting agents like pyripyropenes shows a new promising approach in the treatment of this cholesterol level depending diseases. In the beginning preliminary studies were performed on improving the synthesis of pyripyropene E according to literature known procedures. From the big difficulties arriving from the synthesis of the key compounds this work focussed on: a) selective γ-acylation of 2-substituted aceto acetic esters, b) effective conversion of β, δ-diketo carboxylic acids into 4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-ones, c) optimized cyclization of epoxyolefine substituted 6-pyridyl-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-ones by variation of different parameters like Lewis acids, solvents and temperature, d) design of a new efficient method for the synthesis of 6-substituted 4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-ones and related heterocycles, e) application of the in a) to d) elaborated results on the efficient total synthesis of three naturally occurring compounds with a 4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-on skeleton. The cyclization substrate in the geranyl series, the 3-[7-(2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrogeranyl)]-6-(3-pyridyl)-4-hydroxy-pyran-2H-pyran-2-one, was synthesized in a nine step sequence starting from geraniol with 18 % overall yield. In the following experiments this epoxide was cyclized in liquid sulphur dioxide with twelve different Brønsted and Lewis acids. Dependent on the Lewis acid up to four products were isolated: a pyrano[4,3-b]chromen-1-one (α-pyrone), a pyrano[2,3-b]chromen-4-one (γ-pyrone), a 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ane and a diol generated from opening of the epoxide function. The structure of the diol was unambiguously determined by total synthesis. In the farnesyl series the cyclization substrate was assembled in total analogy to that one of the geranyl series in a nine step sequence with 20 % overall yield starting from (E,E)-farnesol. After the cyclization experiments an inseparable mixture of eight different isomers were obtained. During a series of iodocyclization experiments 3-(7-geranyl)-6-pyridyl-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-one was reacted with iodine in acetonitrile without a base. In another experiment the corresponding enolate anion was generated by deprotonation with potassium carbonate and then was brought to reaction with iodine. Without base the iodo substituted pyrano[2,3-b]pyran-4-one derivative (γ-pyrone) was formed. The reaction of the enolate anion with iodine resulted in a mixture of two iodo substituted α-pyrones, a pyrano[4,3-b]pyran-5-one (endo product) and a furo[3,2-c]pyran-4-one (exo product). From the experience that was gained by the assembly of the cyclization substrates in the geranyl series a new synthesis of 6-substituted 4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-ones was developed: The main principle was the in situ release of the extraordinary sensitive 5-hydroxy-3-oxo-pent-4-enoic acids through protonation of their stable bispotassium salts with TFA at low temperature, followed by spontaneous lactonization of these acids in the reaction media TFAA leading to the corresponding pyrones in high yields. The effectiveness of this procedure was impressively demonstrated in twelve examples. The 5-phenyl-substituted bispotassium salt was used for the construction of heterocycles: one pyrazole and one isoxazole were synthesized in high yields. Based on the new pyrone synthesis the total synthesis of three natural products with a 4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one framework was carried out. 1. The compound Sch-419560 isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens was synthesized in a four step sequence starting from ethyl 2-hexylacetoacetate with 62 % overall yield. 2. The α-pyrone 3?,3?-dimethylallylconrauanalactone isolated from Garcinia conrauana Engl. (Guttiferae) was synthesized via a four step sequence starting from ethyl 2-prenylacetoacetate with 64 % overall yield. 3. Finally, the natural product aurantiacone isolated from Mimulus aurantiacus was synthesized via a seven step sequence starting from 2-hydroxybutyric acid with 62 % overall yield.
Synthesis of N-neterocycles via intramolecular reductive cyclizations of nitroalkenes
(2007) Merisor, Elena; Beifuss, Uwe
The current work describes a new triethyl phosphite mediated domino reaction of ω-nitro-alkenes which in one step cyclize to the corresponding saturated N-heterocycles. The one-step domino reaction described in this work includes a three-step reaction, a nitroso-ene reaction being coupled with two reduction reactions. A new C-N bond is formed and saturated N-heterocycles are synthesized. The microwave irradiation of the ω-nitroalkenes has been developed as an alternative protocol, having the advantage that the formation of byproducts can be suppressed and the reaction times reduced. The reductive cyclization reaction mediated by triethyl phosphite allows preparation of a series of saturated N-heterocycles such as substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazines, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines. The newly developed domino reaction can also occur under CO pressure using metal catalysts, allowing the formation of saturated N-heterocycles. Since the reductive cyclizations reported in this work are transition metal-catalyzed domino processes without precedent, they could be of significant interest to the field of synthetic chemistry and ?Life Sciences?.