Browsing by Subject "Dynamic instability"

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Entstehung und Morphogenese des Vorderhirns - Die Rolle des mit Mikrotubuli assoziierten Proteins Hmmr in Xenopus laevis
(2020) Nickel, Angela; Feistel, Kerstin
The anlage of the central nervous system is formed during early embryonic development. The neuroectoderm establishes the neural plate which folds up to form the neural tube, a process that requires extensive cell rearrangements. During further embryogenesis the anterior part of the neural tube develops into the brain while the posterior part forms the spinal cord. Disturbances during neural tube closure (NTC) lead to severe developmental aberrations. Occurrence of specific neural tube defects indicates a distinct regulation of NTC along the anterior-posterior axis. For example, the severe malformation craniorachischisis is characterized by a failure to close the neural tube from hindbrain levels onwards, while the forebrain region develops normally. This distinct regulation presents itself in the wildtype in a delay between cranial and caudal NTC. While the mechanisms leading to posterior NTC are quite well understood, the morphological processes at the future forebrain level are largely unknown. The aim of this dissertation was to identify cell and tissue morphogenetic processes which are required for the formation and development of the anterior neural tube. As the underlying changes in cell shape as well as cell migration depend on the regulation of the cytoskeleton, the role of the microtubule-associated protein Hmmr was analyzed in the model organism Xenopus laevis. HMMR is a breast cancer susceptibility gene with described roles mainly in the tumor context, regulating cell motility and maintenance of mitotic spindle integrity. In Xenopus, gain as well as loss of function of hmmr delayed NTC and led to defects during further forebrain development. Loss of hmmr impaired separation of telencephalic hemispheres, resembling the human malformation “middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly”. Failure of ventricle separation could be traced back to disturbed roof plate formation. This was due to impaired NTC resulting from a lack of neural cell convergence. Tissue convergence at the forebrain level is mediated by radial intercalation (RI). During the required regulation of cell polarization and elongation via the microtubule cytoskeleton, hmmr cooperated with the core component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway vangl2, which had been solely characterized as a factor for posterior NTC so far. In addition, experiments with hmmr deletion constructs missing functional domains at the amino- and/or carboxyl-terminus, revealed that elongation and intercalation are distinct processes which are regulated differentially via specific domains of Hmmr. RI required direct binding of Hmmr to microtubules, suggesting that Hmmr influences intercalation movements by regulating dynamic instability of microtubules. RI is essential for mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), a physiological morpho- genetic process, which is also involved in establishing tumor metastases in a pathological context. MET is regulated by concerted interaction of canonical Wnt / beta-Catenin and non- canonical Wnt / PCP signaling. Further tissue-specific loss of function experiments uncovered a general role for hmmr in Wnt-modulated RI / MET processes during gastrulation as well as during pronephros and tailbud development in Xenopus. The results suggest that Hmmr regulates microtubule dynamics. Since canonical as well as non-canonical Wnt signaling have been associated with microtubules, hmmr could act as a molecular switch to regulate the activity and interplay of two signaling pathways. This thesis thus identified a new physiological role for the microtubule-binding protein Hmmr, which up to now had been mainly studied in the cancer context. It was shown that Hmmr-mediated RI is a major driving force for anterior NTC. In addition, Hmmr was identified as an essential regulator of microtubule-dependent Wnt signaling in MET processes.