Browsing by Subject "Fütterung"

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Comprehensive characterization of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of quails and two high yielding laying hen breeds
(2023) Roth, Christoph Florian; Camarinha-Silva, Amélia
The microbiomes composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is subject to several changes and influences. In addition to breed, sex, or diet, age affects the GIT microbiome dynamics of laying hens and quails. From the first day, the microbiome develops and increases its bacterial load to thousands of species. Then, depending on the diet fed, the animals microbiome and associated active bacteria vary and directly influence the animals nutrient uptake and efficiency. Omics technologies give insights into changes in microbes in the GIT (crop, gizzard, duodenum, ileum, caeca). In addition, they can reveal how feed supplements such as calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) can affect host health and performance through alterations in the microbiome. The Japanese quail has been an established animal model for nutritional and biological studies in poultry for the last 60 years. In particular, its short development time makes it a convenient model for microbiome research. However, compared to broiler microbiome research, the quail microbiome is still poorly understood. Animals of the breed Coturnix japonica were housed under the same conditions, fed a diet with P below recommendation, and the ileum microbiota characterized. Microbiota relations with gender and higher or lower predisposition of the birds for PU, CaU, FI, BWG, and FC were described (Chapter II). In addition, these performance parameters influenced the relative average abundance of bacteria like Candidatus Arthromitus, Bacillus, and Leuconostoc. Gender affects specific bacterial groups of the GIT, such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Clostridium, which differ in average abundance between male and female quails. Despite the comprehensive microbiota analysis, the interplay between animal genetics, diet, sex, and microbiome functionality is not yet understood. The laying hen breeds Lohmann LSL-Classic and Lohmann Brown-Classic are used worldwide. Little is known about the interaction with microbiome composition, performance, dietary effects, and changes during the productive life that might help develop feeding strategies and microbiome responses on a large scale. Because of the importance of P and Ca in poultry diet, the research in Chapter III was conducted to challenge laying hens with reduced dietary P and Ca and describe the effect on GIT active microbiota. The breed was the primary driver of microbial differences. A core microbiome of active bacteria, present along the complete GIT, was revealed for the first time and consisted of five bacteria detected in 97% of all samples, including digesta and mucosa samples (uncl. Lactobacillus, Megamonas funiformis, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus helveticus, uncl. Fuscatenibacter). Furthermore, significant microbial differences between the GIT sections and between the breeds were described. Minor dietary effects of the P and Ca reduction on the microbiota showed that a further decrease in Ca and P supplementation might be possible without affecting the gut microbial composition and bird performance. Furthermore, the microbiome of laying hens was characterized at five productive stages (weeks 10, 16, 24, 30, and 60) to analyze the age effect on the GIT microbiome (Chapter IV). Although the two breeds of laying hens were offered the same diet and housed under similar conditions, the active microbiota composition changed between the analyzed productive stages, the breed and the GIT sections. The major shift occurred between weeks 16 and 24 and supported the hypothesis of bacterial fluctuations due to the onset of the laying period. Those changes occurred mainly in the abundance of the genera Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus. However, it remains unclear whether the dietary changes, due to the development of the birds, influenced the microbiota shifts or if the anatomical and physiological modifications influenced the GIT microbiota. Furthermore, the shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed differences in regulatory functions and pathways between breeds, sections, and the two production stages. Different relative abundance levels of the microbial composition were observed between the RNA-based targeted sequencing and the DNA-based shotgun metagenomics. In conclusion, the comprehensive characterization of the microbiota in the GIT of quails and two high-yielding breeds of laying hens contributes to a broader knowledge of the microbiome dynamics within the fowl GIT. Age and breed play a more important role than diet in influencing the dynamics of microbial composition in laying hens, and individual performance and sex in quails. Research characterizing the microbiome in poultry and its effect on diet and host genetics will help improve feeding and breeding strategies in the future and reduce excretion of nutrients into the environment while ensuring overall animal health.
Jatropha meal and protein isolate as a protein source in aquafeed
(2011) Kumar, Vikas; Becker, Klaus
As aquaculture continues to develop, there will be an increasing need to use alternative plant proteins in aquaculture diets so that aqua eco-systems will be sustainable. Jatropha (DJKM, H-JPKM and DJPI) can be used as protein rich sources in the diets of fish and shrimp. There is a high potential for the safe use of DJKM, H-JPKM and DJPI in diets for fish and shrimp without compromising performance, provided that these ingredients are free of toxic factors. The detoxification process developed in Hohenheim is simple and robust and produces products that are safe and of good quality. Their addition to fish and shrimp diets gave excellent performance responses without any ill effects on animal health or safety. Effects on growth and nutrient utilization: ? Detoxified Jatropha kernel meal, H-JPKM and DJPI could replace 50%, 62.5% and 75% fish meal protein respectively without compromising growth performance and nutrient utilization in fish. In addition, DJKM could also replace 50% fish meal protein with no adverse effects on growth and nutrient utilization in shrimp. If the replacement levels are exceeded, the producer must examine the nutrient profile of the feeds carefully to ensure that desired production levels can be achieved and fish and shrimp health maintained. ? High inclusion (>50% fish meal protein replacement) of DJKM decreased the efficiency of conversion of feed to body mass. This could be explained partly by the increased mean feed intake which was possibly a reaction to the reduced protein retention, measured as protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. No such effects were seen with the use of DJPI in common carp diets. ? Increased DJKM inclusion in diets caused a significant lowering of protein, lipid and energy digestibilities. No such effects were seen when DJPI was used in common carp diets. Effects on energy budget: ? Feeding DJKM and H-JPKM to common carp and Nile tilapia respectively did not change the major components of the energy budget (routine metabolic rate, heat released and metabolisable energy) compared to fish meal and soybean meal fed groups. These results revealed that dietary protein sources DJKM and H-JPKM can be efficiently utilized for growth by common carp and Nile tilapia respectively, as well as soybean meal and fish meal. Effects on expression of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 encoding genes ? As the level of DJKM inclusion increased in the common carp diet, growth rate decreased. The expression of Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in liver also decreased with increase of DJKM in the diet and that of the growth hormone in liver decreased. Effects on clinical health parameters and gut health: ? No mortality and unaffected haematological values suggested the fish were all in normal health. Alkaline phosphatase and ALT activities; urea nitrogen, bilirubin and creatinine concentration in blood were in the normal ranges which showed that there was no liver or kidney dysfunction. ? The measured plasma nutrient levels gave no indications of stress, but increasing the level of plant protein in the diet decreased plasma cholesterol. This may be related to high NSP content or reduced dietary intake of cholesterol. Decrease in muscle cholesterol level is also expected which could be considered good for human health. ? Histopathological evaluation of organs showed no damage to the stomach, intestine or liver of common carp or rainbow trout. Effects of Jatropha-phytate in Nile tilapia The defatted Jatropha kernel meal obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein (58−66%) and phytate (9 −11%). The phytate rich fraction was isolated from defatted kernel meal using organic solvents (acetone and carbon tetrachloride). It had 66% phytate and 22% crude protein and its inclusion in fish diets showed the following: ? Negative effects on growth performance, nutrient utilization and digestive physiology (nutrient digestibility and digestive enzymes). ? Adverse influences on biochemical entities such as metabolic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase) and electrolytes/metabolites. Salient changes include decreased red blood cell count and hematocrit content, decreased cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma and decreased blood glucose levels. The adverse effects observed may be due to the interaction of phytate with minerals and enzymes in the gastro intestinal tract, resulting in poor bioavailability of minerals and lower nutrient digestibility. The level of phytate used in the present study (1.5 and 3.0%) corresponds to 16.5% and 33.0% of DJKM in the fish diet. The DJKM at levels > 16.5% in the diet would exhibit adverse effects in Nile tilapia. Addition of phytase to the phytate containing diets would mitigate the adverse effects of at least up to 3% Jatropha phytate (or 33% DJKM) in the diet. Addition of phytase (1500 FTU/kg) in diets containing DJKM is recommended to maximize their utilization by Nile tilapia.
Langfristige Beurteilung der Energieversorgung von Milchkühen bei unterschiedlichem Kraftfuttereinsatz
(2020) Gerster, Elisabeth Katharina; Rodehutscord, Markus
The first objective of the present study was to compile the current knowledge concerning the effect of the amount of CON on dry matter (DM) intake and milk yield of dairy cows, by regression analysis. For this purpose, a dataset was compiled containing 46 studies with feeding trials and graded inclusion levels of CON. When offering the roughage ad libitum, a quadratic relation was found between CON intake and roughage intake. Taking into account the substitution of roughage, the observed increase of milk yield was less than expected. The second objective was to verify the response of Simmental dairy cows to a long-term reduction of the CON input, in terms of dry matter intake, milk yield, and energy supply. During a feeding trial conducted over a two-year period at the experimental station LAZBW in Aulendorf (cooperative research project „optiKuh“) each 24 Simmental dairy cow was fed either 250 (group 250) or 150 (group 150) g CON per kg energy-corrected milk yield (ECM) throughout lactation. Grass and maize silage as well as straw and hay were combined in the total mixed rations to ensure an energy concentration of 6.6 MJ NEL per kg DM of the roughage in both groups throughout lactation. The CON contained a mixture produced on-site (winter wheat, winter barley, faba bean) and rapeseed meal. At 165 days in milk, each cow in both groups was switched individually to a ration containing less CON. Data were gathered also during the dry period. Feed was offered for ad libitum consumption. Statistical analyses were done separately for the lactation and dry period. As fixed effects the calendar week, the group, the parity, and the interaction group*parity entered the model, respectively. Additionally, the days in milk were included as a covariate during lactation. During lactation the mean daily DM intake did not differ significantly between group 250 (21.6 kg DM) and group 150 (21.0 kg DM). The calculated substitution of roughage amounted to 0.75 kg DM per kg CON DM during the mentioned trial period. As lactation progressed, more roughage was substituted. The group 250 had a higher milk yield during the first half of lactation, but a lower milk yield during the second half. The mean milk yield was equal in both groups (28.7 kg ECM per day). The examined blood characteristics (8, 28, 100 days p. p., at drying off, 14 days a. p.) and the milk fatty acids analysis by gas chromatography (5, 28, 100, 200 days p. p.) reflected the different progressions of the energy balance of the two groups. On average the group 250 reached a positive energy balance already at 37 days in milk. Probably owing to a better glucose supply after calving, the serum insulin concentration increased faster and supported the replenishing of body reserves at the expense of milk yield. On the contrary, the group 150 achieved a positive energy balance only after 72 days in milk on average. Indicating the mobilization of body reserves, the blood of group 150 showed a significantly higher D-ß-hydroxybutyrate concentration, and the milk fat a significantly higher concentration of long-chain fatty acids 28 days p.p.. However, the values were within the physiological range. The reduction of CON did not increase the likelihood of illness. During the dry period, despite equal feeding of both groups in this period, the group 150 had an increased DM intake of 0.9 kg DM per day (p=0,026). Thus, they restored body energy reserves. Over time both groups succeeded in balancing the energy deficit of the beginning of lactation. The proposal of SUSENBETH (2018) for the calculation of the energy requirement of dairy cows improved the plausibility of the calculated energy balances compared with the factors according to GfE (2001). The third objective was to develop a model for the estimation of energy balance in the first third of lactation based on characteristics of production with focus on concentration of milk fatty acids. For this purpose, the milk fatty acids analyses 5, 28 and 100 days p. p. of the feeding trial were used (n=200). The model was derived from the regularized linear regression method „elastic net“. The variables milk yield on sampling day, milk fat content, concentrations of the milk fatty acid C12:0 and the milk fatty acid C18:0, as well as the relations n-6/n-3, C15/C17 and oleic acid/C15 were selected. An estimation error of 13.1 MJ NEL per day was determined by leave-one-out cross-validation. Potentially, the model seems to be applicable for the detection of a severe negative energy balance at the beginning of lactation. But first a validation with an independent dataset is required.
Untersuchungen zu den Beziehungen von Federpicken, Exploration und Nahrungsaufnahme bei Legehennen
(2008) Benda, Isabel; Bessei, Werner
First documented in 1873 by Oettel (1873), the problem of feather pecking and feather eating remains a major issue in modern laying hen husbandry. Various motivational models developed in the past years interpret feather pecking as redirected foraging behaviour, pecking while sand bathing or as misdirected exploratory behaviour. The laying hens, however, only show exploratory curiosity in these diverse materials for a short time. It has been shown that diet-related deficiencies elicit increased exploratory behaviour and feather pecking. In the first section of this experiment, we attempted to redirect the exploratory pecking activity of the laying hens to an alternative object (pecking block) for a sustained period of time through offering the animals food and calcium separately. Less feather pecking behaviour was expected to result. Investigations carried out in recent years indicate an association between feather pecking and feather eating. Although almost indigestible, both wood shavings (cellulose) and feathers are eaten by laying hens. Hence, the influence of feathers and cellulose in food on the behaviour of laying hens was tested in the second section of this experiment. The inclusion of feathers or cellulose in food was expected to reduce feather pecking behaviour, since the animals? requirement for these substrates was adequately covered in the food. The goal of the third section of the experiment was to determine if the ingestion of feathers or wood shavings has an underlying physiological background, which consequently initiates a need for these substrates. The effect of substrate ingestion was tested in two different lines. The first experiment comprised three feeding treatments. Group 1 received a calcium-poor ration (0.67% Ca) whereas groups 2 and 3 received a calcium-balanced ration (3.45% Ca). An additional pecking block containing molasses and bran was available to birds in groups 1 and 2. The pecking block available to birds in group 1 had a calcium content of 31%. Each of the 3 treatments was repeated 10 times with 8 laying hens per treatment. Half of the animals were brown, the other half white laying hybrids. The three groups did not differ in their propensity to feather peck. However, animals in group 1 showed a better feather condition than those in groups 2 and 3. Breed origin had a significant effect on pecking activity, whereby brown laying hybrids displayed aggressive and vigorous feather pecking more frequently than their white counterparts. The second section of the investigation likewise comprised three feeding treatments. The first group received pellets with 10% feather grit, the second group pellets with 10% cellulose and the third group received additive-free pellets. Each treatment was repeated 4 times on 15 hens (white laying hybrid). Feed preference with respect to the different pellet variations available was examined and feather eating behaviour was tested after the test rations were discontinued. Birds in both the feather grit and cellulose groups showed less feather pecking behaviour than control animals throughout the entire experiment. Likewise, birds in the feather grit group had a significantly better plumage condition than those in the control group. Animals in the feather grit group also ate more pellets and ingested significantly more feathers than those in both the control and cellulose groups. The third section of the experiment was conducted with animal selected on high (HFP) and low (LFP) feather pecking activity (KJAER et al., 2001); three different feeding treatments were tested. Birds in the first group were offered 70 feathers per week (HF and LF), birds in the second group had access to wood shavings ad libitum (HSp and LSp), and birds in the third group were not offered any additional substrates (H0 and L0). The intestinal passage rate of each group was investigated, whereby animals receiving additional substrates were selected for comparison when the amount of substrate (feathers or wood shavings) ingested was comparable. Animals in the HF group showed the fastest intestinal passage rate, followed by LF and H0 birds. The L0 animals had the slowest marker excretion. Although feather intake in HF and LF groups was similar, only the HF birds had a significantly faster passage rate. HFP birds which had access to wood shavings showed faster marker excretion as LFP birds in comparison. This experiment demonstrates that misdirected exploratory behaviour does not seem to be the primary cause of feather pecking. Rather the ingestion of feathers or wood shavings / cellulose plays a meaningful role in this behaviour. The results of this study show that feather pecking can be classified as feeding behaviour. This is in accordance with previous literature in which feather pecking is identified as feather eating. Furthermore, genetic discrepancies between HFP and LFP animals seem to exist, since the ingestion of a similar amount of feathers or wood shavings had different effects on the intestinal tracts of the animals in the two lines. Further research is necessary to validate the results of this study.