Browsing by Subject "FGF8"

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Determination of Laterality in the Rabbit Embryo: Studies on Ciliation and Asymmetric Signal Transfer
(2007) Feistel, Kerstin; Blum, Martin
The midline of the vertebrate embryo plays a pivotal role in the regulation of left-right (LR) asymmetry. In mammals recent interest has focused on a structure situated at the caudal part of the notochord, the posterior notochord (PNC), which is homologous to Kupffer?s vesicle (KV) in fish and the gastrocoel roof plate (GRP) in frog. Despite highly diverging embryonic architecture, the PNC/KV/GRP is the site where motile monocilia set up a directional fluid flow, an event indispensable for the generation of LR asymmetry. Signals created at the PNC/KV/GRP need to be transferred to the periphery of the embryo, where they initiate the left-specifying program in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). In this study morphogenesis and ciliogenesis of the notochordal plate as well as the signaling processes between midline and LPM were studied in the rabbit embryo. Rabbit development progresses through a flat blastodisc phase and represents the typical mode of mammalian embryogenesis. Transcription of ciliary marker genes, the first sign of beginning ciliogenesis, initiated in Hensen?s node and persisted in the nascent notochord. Cilia emerged on cells leaving Hensen?s node anteriorly to form the notochordal plate. Cilia lengthened to about 5µm and polarized from an initially central position to the posterior pole of cells. Electron microscopic analysis revealed 9+0 and 9+2 cilia and a novel 9+4 axoneme intermingled in a salt-and-pepper-like fashion. These data showed that the ciliogenic gene program essential for laterality determination is conserved at the midline of the rabbit embryo. The present study also provided evidence that initiation as well as repression of the Nodal cascade crucially depended on communication between midline and lateral plate (LP). Separation of LP tissue from the midline before, during and after the 2 somite stage demonstrated that signals from the PNC induced and maintained the competence of LPM to express Nodal. Signals from the midline were necessary after the 2 somite stage to maintain a right-sided identity, i.e. absence of Nodal expression. Gap-junction-dependent intercellular communication (GJC) was shown to play a central role in this process. Previously, GJC had been involved in LR axis determination in cleavage stage frog embryos and early blastodisc stages in chick. This study for the first time demonstrates the role of GJC in mammalian embryos. GJs regulate the signaling between midline and periphery: permeable gap junctions were required specifically at the 2 somite stage to repress Nodal induction in the right LPM, whereas closed GJs were a prerequisite for Nodal signaling on the left side. Establishment of the right-sided fate depended on FGF8, the signaling of which was regulated by the opening status of GJs. A 3-step model is proposed for symmetry breakage and induction of the LR signaling cascade in vertebrates: (1) Nodal protein synthesized at the lateral edges of the PNC diffuses bilaterally and confers competence for the induction of the Nodal cascade to the LPM, (2) at the same time the left-specific cascade is actively repressed by action of the GJC/FGF8 module, and (3) following the onset of leftward flow at the PNC repression gets released specifically on the left side at the 2 somite stage, presumably by transient inhibition of GJC. This model not only is consistent with the presented data, but also with published work in other model organisms.
Establishment of a new in vitro culture system and functional analysis of sonic hedgehog and FGF8 in the determination of laterality in the rabbit embryo
(2008) Bitzer, Eva; Blum, Martin
Cilia-driven leftward flow plays a pivotal role in the determination of left-right (LR) asymmetry. In mammals, this extracellular fluid flow is produced by motile monocilia situated on the posterior notochordal plate (PNC). The PNC is homologous to superficial mesoderm derived structures of other species like the gastrocoel roof plate (GRP) in frog and Kupffer's vesicle (KV) in fish. Directional fluid flow created at these structures subsequently leads to the initiation of the left-specifying Nodal signalling cascade in the left lateral plate (LPM). The rabbit develops via a flat blastodisc phase representing the archetypical mode of mammalian embryogenesis. These specific advantages of the rabbit were employed in this study to further examine the role of two central determinants of laterality, namely Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and FGF8, and also extended by the design of a new in vitro culture technique. In this new method, the so-called ring culture, a medium-filled plastic ring was placed upon the extraembryonic tissue of the explanted embryo. In contrast to the semi-dry standard culture method, this setting corresponded more to the in vivo conditions of gastrulating/neurulating rabbit embryos in the uterus. It therefore facilitated stable development of laterality in most cases also when presomite stages were taken into culture. Subsequent analysis showed that this was due to improved development of the PNC. Conversely, in standard-cultured embryos showing altered LR marker gene expression, maturation of the PNC was impaired leading to a disturbance of leftward flow. This study also provided evidence that cilia-driven leftward flow is indispensable for the determination of laterality in rabbit embryos. When the flow was blocked during culture by methylcellulose-containing medium embryos displayed altered LR marker gene expression in a very high proportion. The unilateral gain-of-function of Shh revealed important differences between rabbit and chick embryos. In rabbit, Shh induced right-sided marker gene expression only in the 2 somite stage, whereas in chick this inductive effect lasted from stage 4 until up to the 1-2 somite stage. This indicated that in rabbit Shh works in conjunction with the flow, which has not been described up to now in chick. The systemic inhibition of Shh signalling by cyclopamine led to bilateral expression of LR marker genes in rabbit. This was due to disruption of the floor plate and therefore the loss of the restrictive midline barrier function of Lefty expression as described in Shh mutant mice. FGF8 has a right-sided repressive function in the rabbit implicated in the transfer of laterality cues. In the present study it could be shown that this repressive effect is epistatic to cilia-driven leftward flow, because it also functioned when the flow was blocked. The systemic inhibition of FGF8 signalling with SU5402 caused loss of LR marker gene expression prior to the 2 somite stage but did not influence ciliogenesis or the setup of cilia-driven leftward flow. Taken together, this suggested a dual function for FGF8 signalling: First, it is needed to confer competence to the lateral plate and second, during the 2 somite stage, it is needed for the transfer of LR cues.