Browsing by Subject "Facilitation"

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Spatial and functional determinants of long-term fecundity in serotinous shrub communities
(2016) Nottebrock, Henning; Schurr, Frank
Understanding the dynamics of biological communities is a central aim of ecological research. Contemporary environmental change reinforced this interest: in order to predict how communities will react to environmental change, we have to understand the processes driving their dynamics. Ultimately, the dynamics of a community depends on the reproduction, mortality and dispersal of its component individuals, and on how these demographic processes are altered by environmental factors and biotic interactions. A general understanding of biological communities is unlikely to arise from a species-specific approach that attempts to quantify all pairwise interactions between species. Instead, it seems promising to pursue a trait-based research program that quantifies how variation in the performance of species and individuals is shaped by the interplay of functional traits, biotic interactions and environmental factors. In this thesis, I investigated how functional plant traits determine plant-plant, plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions in space and time, and how these spatiotemporal interactions affect the long-term fecundity of plants. In the South African Fynbos biome (a global biodiversity hotspot), I studied a species-rich, ecologically and economically important group of woody plants (genus Protea) and its interactions with pollinators and seed predators. The objectives of this thesis were: (1) to combine plant traits and high-resolution maps of Protea communities in order to quantify the landscapes of nectar sugar and seed crops that plant communities provide for pollinators and seed predators, (2) to examine how sugar landscapes shape pollinator behaviour, and how pollinator behaviour and pollinator-mediated interactions between plants affect the reproduction of Protea individuals, (3) to study how the spatial structure of plant communities and seed crop landscapes determine direct and predator-mediated interactions between plants, and (4) to understand how the interplay of these biotic interactions shapes the dynamics of plant communities. I addressed these objectives by analysing spatially-explicit data and high-resolution maps from 27 sites of 4 ha each that contained 129,750 plants of 22 Protea species. The results show that Protea plants and their pollinators interact on several spatial and temporal scales, and that these interactions are shaped by sugar landscapes. Within plants, inflorescences compete for pollination. At a neighbourhood scale, Protea reproduction benefits from nectar sugar of conspecific neighbours but not from heterospecific neighbour sugar. Seed set also increases with the amount of nectar sugar at the scale of entire study sites. This corresponds with the finding that the abundance and the visitation rates of key bird pollinators strongly depend on phenological variation of site-scale sugar amounts. Nectar sugar furthermore influences the strength of interactions between Protea species and bird pollinators: Protea species that provide nectar of high sugar concentration depend more strongly on bird pollinators to reproduce. When foraging in sugar landscapes, these bird pollinators show both temporal specialization on single plant species and a preference for common plant species. In addition to these pollinator-mediated interactions, the long-term fecundity of Protea individuals is reduced through both competition and apparent competition mediated by seed predators. Competition is stronger between conspecifics than between heterospecifics, whereas apparent competition shows no such differentiation. The intensity of competition between plants depends on their size and the intensity of apparent competition between plants depends on their seed crops. Moreover, competition has a stronger effect on plant fecundity than apparent competition. These findings have interesting implications for understanding the dynamics of Protea communities and the maintenance of plant diversity in the Fynbos biome. The positive interspecific density-dependence resulting from pollinator-mediated interactions causes community-level Allee effects that may lead to extinction cascades. My analyses also imply that competition stabilizes the coexistence of Protea species (because intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition), whereas apparent competition via seed predators does not have such a stabilizing effect. In summary, this study highlights the benefits of ‘community demography’, the demographic study of multiple interacting species. Community demographic studies have the potential to identify general determinants of biotic interactions that act across species and communities. In this thesis, I identified nectar sugar and seed crops as interaction currencies that determine how multiple plant species interact through shared pollinators and seed predators. In megadiverse systems such as Fynbos, such generalizations are urgently needed to understand and forecast community dynamics. The analysis of community dynamics with respect to such interaction currencies provides an alternative to the classical species-specific approach in community ecology.
The performance of and interactions between multiple co-occurring alien and native plant species
(2023) Ferenc, Viktoria; Sheppard, Christine
This thesis focuses on investigating species interactions in the context of alien species establishment, which poses severe threats to species, communities, and ecosystems due to climate change and globalization. The study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of multiple co-occurring alien species and their potential explanations, such as niche or fitness differences. The outcome of competition can also be influenced by priority effects, where earlier emerging species affect later emerging species in a given environment. Positive interactions, like facilitation, are often overlooked but play a significant role in species interactions. Legumes, known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, can facilitate alien species, leading to both severe negative effects on natives and reduced resource competition. The research conducted three common garden pot experiments to address various aspects of alien species interactions. The first experiment examined pairwise combinations of 20 alien annual plant species in Germany to identify the mechanisms driving these interactions. It tested the prevalence of competition versus facilitation and assessed the effectiveness of individual traits, hierarchical or absolute trait distances, multivariate trait or phylogenetic distance, and trait plasticity in explaining plant performance. Results indicated that while interspecific competition was more common, interspecific facilitation occurred in 24% of cases. Hierarchical trait distances provided better explanations for interactions than phylogenetic or multivariate trait distances. Accounting for trait plasticity did not necessarily improve plant performance predictions. Notably, taller individuals with lower specific leaf area than their alien neighbours exhibited increased biomass and seed production when growing together. The second experiment focused on interactions between five pairs of alien and native species. It evaluated the impact of growing with one or two alien neighbour species on native plants and manipulated the arrival time of alien or native neighbours. Generally, native species performed worse when surrounded by two alien species compared to one, although the effect varied among species. Both native and alien species experienced significant performance decreases when arriving second in the pot, while alien species tended to benefit more from early arrival. However, further studies are required to generalize these findings across multiple alien and native plants regarding neighbour species and arrival time responses. The third experiment delved into legume facilitation in more detail. It involved growing 30 annual Asteraceae species (neophytes, archaeophytes, and natives) in communities with or without legume presence. The study measured functional traits, fitness, and nitrogen characteristics to understand how legume presence affected Asteraceae fitness and the relationship between traits, nitrogen concentration, and fitness. Using the δ15N natural abundance method, the research explored whether facilitation mechanisms differed among native phytometer, neophyte, and archaeophyte Asteraceae. Specific leaf area negatively affected aboveground biomass and seed production, with a stronger effect in the absence of legumes. Nitrogen concentration was positively correlated with biomass but did not significantly increase seed production. The results suggested direct legume facilitation for the native grass phytometer Festuca rupicola when growing alongside archaeophytes but not neophytes. This indicated varied mechanisms of competition for nitrogen between natives and alien species of different residence times and deepened understanding of altered facilitative leguminous effects in the presence of alien species. Overall, this research demonstrates the application of community ecology concepts and theories to investigate alien species interactions, particularly when multiple co-occurring alien species are involved. As the rate of alien species arrival in new habitats continues to increase, understanding their combined impact on native species, communities, and ecosystems becomes increasingly crucial.