Browsing by Subject "Fruit production"

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Stakeholder perspectives on the contribution of digital technologies to improve the sustainability of fruit production – a case study on the Lake Constance region in Germany
(2024) Gaber, Kirsten; Bieling, Claudia
Fruit cultivation is facing numerous sustainability challenges including climate change, weather extremes, and societal pressures surrounding the use of agricultural inputs. The value of fruit cultivation extends beyond the production of food, as the places of production are regionally important for ecology, recreation, tourism, and socio-cultural values; thus, sustainability issues threaten not only the future production of fruit, but also the cultural landscape as such. Digitalization in agriculture is progressing at a rapid pace and is frequently heralded as a solution to the current pressures surrounding modern food production. Increased productivity, efficiency gains, and improved transparency along the food value chain, enabled through the implementation of digital technologies, may lead to environmental and socio-economic benefits. Meanwhile, a divide is growing between supporters of digitalization and skeptics who are concerned with the technologies and their short- and long-term impacts. Digital solutions are not always suitable across agricultural sectors and regions due to differences in crop management activities, land-use types (e.g. perennial crop area like orchards versus arable land area for temporary crops), and physical barriers and infrastructure. At the face of these challenges and the rapid development of digitalization, stakeholder perceptions regarding the influence of digitalization on the sustainability of fruit cultivation must be understood in order to enable a sustainable further development of digital technologies. Particular to the case study region of this dissertation, the Lake Constance region in southern Germany, research on stakeholder perspectives at the interface of sustainability in fruit production and digitalization does not exist. There is a large knowledge gap regarding the attitudes and practical understandings of the stakeholders impacted by the digital transformation of fruit cultivation, as well as what measures are required to support a more user-oriented development. Technology development without the consideration of barriers, user abilities, and user expectations may lead to an imbalanced transformation that may favour certain agricultural sectors, farm sizes, or production systems over others, which may consequently create a regional, demographic, and/or sectoral digital divide. To this end, this cumulative doctoral work sought to explore the knowledge and views of stakeholders regarding the contribution of digital technologies to improve the sustainability of fruit production by using an empirical and qualitative case-study approach within the setting of sustainability research. The case-study region was the Lake Constance region in Germany, characterized by organic and integrated production (IP) fruit production on small- to medium-sized family farms. This region is the second-largest fruit growing area in the country and plays a critical role in the regional, national, and international food supply. The research questions that have guided this doctoral thesis are as follows: (1) What is the state of the art on digital technologies in fruit production? (2) How do stakeholders perceive digitalized fruit production, adoption and barriers to adoption of the technologies, and do these perceptions differ based on production system or farm size? (3) Do farmers (and other stakeholders) believe that digital technologies can tackle the environmental and social/societal sustainability challenges of fruit production, in both conventional and organic production, and if yes, how? In order to answer these questions, the author comprehensively reviewed over 200 digital tools that can be used by farms in the context of fruit production and conducted a qualitative analysis of 34 interviews with stakeholders along the fruit value chain. The three research articles that form the basis of this cumulative dissertation synergistically answer these questions through the research findings and surrounding scientific literature-based discussions. Overall, the development of digital tools for this case study region appears to be unsuitable and knowledge on digitalization is uneven. Based on the findings, opportunities for technological development to overcome reported barriers and therefore support a user-oriented transformation include the development of tools that are cost-efficient, such as tools with multifunctionalities or that are hireable services, and that offer technical support in the local language. Marketing of technologies must be improved, as misguided marketing and inadequate information in the fruit sector may hinder implementation. Political frameworks should prioritize supporting the inclusion of small farms and equal efforts for development and implementation across production systems. The reduction of agricultural inputs and lack of societal acceptance of agriculture were the most frequently reported sustainability challenges for regional fruit production. Stakeholders believed both environmental and socio-economic challenges could be mitigated by digitalization in fruit production, particularly through increased efficiency and improved transparency. However, perceptions of digitalization’s chances and challenges varied among individuals, fruit production systems, and farm sizes. Furthermore, the majority of stakeholders believed that digitalization could change the public opinion about fruit production, either through on-farm use of the technologies or through improved transparency along the value chain. Both pathways were reported to potentially create positive or negative impacts; for instance, more transparency can lead to improved trust between farmers and consumers, but could also de-romanticize expectations or contradict the idea of naturalness in agriculture, especially in the case of organic farming. The discourse surrounding the use of digital technologies in fruit farming may be more influential on public opinion than their actual implementation. According to stakeholders in the Lake Constance region, digitalized technologies can be used as tools to mitigate urgent sustainability challenges in fruit cultivation, but are not a cure-all solution. These technologies must be considered with caution, as they also risk worsening sustainability issues, particularly related to power inequalities and the growth paradigm of greater productivity and efficiency. Therefore, a reprioritization of digitalization focusing on mitigating urgent sustainability issues is required. This should include the supported development and implementation of user-driven technological design, hybrid (human-technological) intelligence for fruit cultivation tasks, and tools that prioritize building trust towards farmers and maintaining their autonomy. Future transdisciplinary research approaches are encouraged in order to meet many of the provided recommendations from this dissertation, such as enabling collaborative technology- and research design, improving foundational knowledge of involved groups through capacity-building measures like trainings, and building trust between actor groups. The results of this work will inform policy makers, researchers, and technology developers to support the fruit production sector to overcome current and future sustainability issues and enable fair, informed participation in the digital transformation of agriculture.