Browsing by Subject "Genetic similarity"

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Molecular and agronomic assessment of genetic diversity and hybrid breeding in triticale
(2006) Tams, Swenja H.; Melchinger, Albrecht E.
Knowledge of the genetic diversity of a species is of paramount importance for the choice of crossing parents in line and hybrid breeding. Genetic distance (GD) estimates based on molecular markers proved to be well suited for direct exploration of the relationship within a germplasm pool. Triticale hybrid breeding and heterosis have received increasing attention in recent years. Hybrid seed production is highly attractive for autogamous species because of the built-in variety protection of hybrids in comparison to line varieties. The main objective was to appraise the prospect of hybrid breeding in European winter triticale and develop time- and cost-reducing strategies. In particular, the main objectives were to (i) assess and compare genetic diversity estimates in European winter triticale elite germplasm based on molecular markers and pedigree data, (ii) determine hybrid performance and heterosis in multiple environments, and (iii) evaluate prediction methods for hybrid performance and heterosis to support future hybrid breeding programs. Average coancestry coefficient between all pairs of the 128 European elite genotypes was low (f = 0.059) due to scanty information available for the majority of the varieties and breeding lines. Better estimates of genetic distance of triticale genotypes were obtained by molecular marker assessment with 93 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 10 PstI/TaqI primer combinations of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. While SSR markers have been developed in wheat and rye and are mapped in the genome, the location and distribution of AFLP markers is unknown. Both marker systems resulted in reliable genetic diversity estimates. The moderate correlation between genetic distance estimate (GD) of SSR and AFLP marker analyses (GDSSR; GDAFLP) corresponded with other studies. Cluster analysis and principle coordinate analysis revealed no clear separation of germplasm groups. Supported by a bootstrap analysis, it was concluded that both marker systems provide consistent information for germplasm identification. The lack of grouping is in concordance with the breeding history of triticale as a self-pollinator, the wide adaptation of the inter-generic species and the single end-use purpose. Simultaneously to the marker assessment, 209 F1 hybrids were produced by a chemical hybridizing agent. The hybrids and their parents (57 females and five testers) were evaluated in field trials in six environments in Germany during the season 2001-2002. A combined analysis revealed significant heterosis for all eight traits. The level of mid-parent heterosis was positive for grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, number of kernels per spike, test weight and plant height and negative for number of spikes per m², falling number and protein concentration. Forty-six of the hybrids outyielded modern varieties, which were included as checks, by 10% and more. This aspect is important for the success of hybrids on the market for commercial production. Results regarding hybrid performance, heterosis, GCA/SCA relationship, trait correlation in hybrids and parents and aspects regarding cost-effective high quality F1 seed production appear to be sufficiently positive to encourage further work on hybrid breeding. Approaches to reduce time and costs for the identification of superior parental combinations and the prediction of hybrid performance revealed no reliable method yet. Correlations between SCA and GD of parents based on the different marker systems were low for all traits, which hampers prediction. Grouping of germplasm based on GD estimates or on heterotic response of the hybrids could not be discovered in triticale. As a consequence, a first step for an optimum allocation of resources in commercial hybrid breeding programs is the development of heterotic groups. In the present study, several females have been sub-grouped according to their heterotic response and SCA for grain yield with two tester pairs. Following the early history of hybrid breeding in maize, a multi-stage procedure was suggested for triticale to evaluate and expand the sub-grouping and enhance heterosis among groups.