Browsing by Subject "Gerste"

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Bridging genomics and genetic diversity : association between sequence polymorphism and trait variation in a spring barley collection
(2009) Haseneyer, Grit; Geiger, Hartwig H.
Association analysis has become common praxis in plant genetics for high-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), validating candidate genes, and identifying important alleles for crop improvement. In the present study the feasibility of association mapping in barley is investigated by associating DNA polymorphisms in selected candidate genes with variation in grain quality traits, plant height, and flowering time to gain further understanding of gene functions involved in the control of these traits. (1) As a starting point a worldwide collection of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions has been established to serve as an association platform for the present and possible further studies. This collection of 224 accessions, sampled from the IPK genebank, consists of 109 European, 45 West Asian and North African, 40 East Asian and 30 American entries. Forty-five EST derived polymorphic SSRs were used to determine the genetic structure. The markers were equally distributed over all seven chromosomes. Phenotypic data were assessed in field experiments performed at three locations in 2004 and 2005 in Germany. (2) Seven candidate genes were considered. Fragments of these genes were amplified and sequenced in the established collection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), haplotype variants, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) were investigated. (3) One gene was additionally analysed in 42 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions in order to compare barley and wheat for nucleotide diversity and LD. (4) Association analysis between SNPs and haplotype variants of the selected candidate genes and the phenotypic variation in thousand-grain weight, crude protein content, starch content, plant height, and flowering time was used to identify candidate genes influencing the variation of these traits in spring barley. A mixed model association-mapping method was employed for this purpose. In the established collection, significant genotypic variation was observed for all traits under study. Genotype×environment interaction variances were much smaller than the genotypic variances and heritability coefficients exceeded 0.9. Statistical analyses of population stratification revealed two major subgroups, mainly comprising two-rowed and six-rowed accessions, respectively. Within the sequenced fragments (13kb) of the seven candidate genes, 216 polymorphic sites and 93 haplotypes were detected demonstrating a moderate to high level of nucleotide and haplotype diversity in the germplasm collection. Most haplotypes (74.2%) occurred at a low frequency (<0.05) and therefore were rejected in the candidate gene-based association analysis. Pair-wise LD estimates between the detected SNPs revealed different intra-gene linkage patterns. The 45 SSR markers used for analysing the population structure revealed low intra- and interchromosomal LD (r²<0.2). Significant marker-trait associations between the candidate genes and the respective target traits were identified. The barley and wheat genes showed a high level of nucleotide identity (>95%) in the coding sequences, the distribution of polymorphisms was also similar in the two species, and both map to a syntenic position on chromosome 3. However, the genes were different in both collections with respect to LD and Tajima?s D statistic. In the barley collection only a moderate level of LD was observed whereas in wheat, LD was absolute between polymorphic sites located in the first intron while it decayed by distance between the former sites and those located downstream the first intron. Differences in Tajima?s D values indicate a lower selection pressure on the gene in barley than in wheat. In conclusion, the established association platform represents an excellent resource for marker-trait association studies. The germplasm collection displays a wide range of genotypic and phenotypic diversity providing phenotypic data for economically important traits and comprehensive information about the nucleotide and haplotype polymorphism of seven candidate genes. Association results demonstrate that the candidate gene-based approach of association mapping is an appropriate tool for characterising gene loci that have a significant impact on plant development and grain quality in spring barley.
Characterization of genetic variation among Ethiopian barley (Hoerdeum vulgare L.) genotypes
(2019) Abtew, Wosene Gebreselassie; Knierim, Andrea
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major cereal crop in Ethiopia and accounts for 8% of the total cereal production based on cultivation area. Farmers may face unpredictable rainfall and drought stress patterns such as terminal drought where rainfall ends before crops have completed their physiological maturity, which then poses a challenge to crop production. The absence of efficient weather forecasts and a lack of efficient communication channels for resource-poor farmers ask for the development of varieties that are robust to such irregularities. A goal of plant breeding for areas with variable climate and limited resources for agricultural inputs is to produce stable varieties with higher average yield across diverse environments and growing conditions. Genotype by environment (G x E) interactions, however, frequently interfere with the selection of widely adapted genotypes. Knowledge about the yield stability of existing Ethiopian barley varieties and landraces under changing environmental variables is important for the future development of barley varieties with high and stable yields. In addition, yield components are quantitative with substantial influence of environment. Yield components also compensate each other in trait correlation dynamics. Since grain yield is a more complex trait than its components, environmental effects and genotype-by-environment (G x E) interactions for grain yield are stronger than for its components. Therefore, indirect selection of yield components may be more efficient than selection on grain yield per se to obtain higher yielding and stable cultivars. A study, therefore, was initiated to 1) characterize the response of a diverse set of barley genotypes to different locations and variable planting dates and identify genotypes with wide adaptation and stable performance and/or genotypes with specific altitude and planting date 2) determine traits that contribute to high and stable yields across a range of different environments and planting dates 3) determine the pattern of population structure and genetic parameters among genotypes conserved in Ethiopian and German gene banks in for different period of time as well as currently growing in farmers’ field. In order to meet the objectives 18 genotypes were tested at four different sowing dates with 15 days interval in different locations (Ambo and Jimma) and years (2012 and 2013). The tested genotypes revealed a wide variation for both static and dynamic yield stability measures. Compared to improved cultivars, farmers landraces displayed higher average static stability and similar superiority indices (dynamic stability). These landraces are therefore a source of germplasm for breeding resilient barley cultivars. Staggered planting proved to be a useful method for evaluating genotype stability across environmental factors beyond location and season. In addition, we also noticed that compensatory relationship between kernels per spike and thousand kernel weight in landraces. Kernels per spike and number of fertile tillers can be proposed as robust traits in barley breeding for a wider adaptation as they had significant and consistent positive total effects on grain yield. In order to determine the pattern of population structure and genetic parameters among genotypes of different origin and gene banks, DNA samples were subject to double-digest by ApeK1 and Hind III enzymes. After sequencing, raw read was checked for major quality parameters. Sequence reads were then filtered for sequencing artifacts and low quality reads (preprocessing). The pre-processed reads were aligned to genome of barley cultivar Morex to call SNPs. Values of observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.250 to 0.337 and were higher than the expected heterozygosity (He) that varied from 0.180 to 0.242 in genotypes of all origins. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values that ranged between -0.240 and -0.639 across the regions were also higher and negative suggesting existence of excess outcrossing than expected. Based on the inferred clusters by the ADMIXTURE, high Fst values were observed between clusters suggesting high genetic differentiation among the genotypes tested though differentiation was not based on location. In addition, genetic differentiation computed based on the predetermined location, altitude and source of genotypes suggested weak differentiation among the groups. These results indicate that, in Ethiopia, barley genetic variation between regions and altitudes were less pronounced than within region and altitude variations. This calls for the germplasm collection strategies to be cautious in considering location and altitude as a main factor of variation thus strategies should focus on exploiting the within region variation also for better germplasm conservation and utilization. The static yield stability of landrace has to be utilized by breeders for their wider recommendations for those farmers who cannot afford use of farm inputs and specific cultivars. In addition, the relative robustness as well as plasticity of traits sorted by the current study can be incorporated in the breeding strategy of barley in Ethiopia.
Differences in yield performance and yield stability between hybrids and inbred lines of wheat, barley, and triticale
(2015) Mühleisen, Jonathan; Reif, Jochen Christoph
Hybrids of wheat, barley, and triticale are expected to possess higher yield performance and yield stability compared to inbred lines. Assessment of yield performance as well as yield stability requires the evaluation of genotypes in plot-based yield trials across multiple environments. Evaluation of genotypes under stress conditions can be associated with increased field heterogeneity, which may result in imprecise estimates of genotypic values. The assessment of yield stability requires intensive testing in many environments, and it would be interesting to know how many test environments are required to reliably estimate yield stability. The key objectives of the present thesis were to (1) investigate optimal strategies to analyze field trials with high error variance due to spatially varying drought stress, (2) identify the required number of test environments to precisely estimate yield stability of individual barley genotypes, and (3) examine yield performance and yield stability of wheat, barley, and triticale hybrids and lines. Drought stress at two locations of a winter triticale trial caused increased field heterogeneity, resulting in lower heritabilities compared to the four non-stress locations. It was found that heritability could be increased by modeling incomplete block and row effects, by using visual scorings of drought stress intensity as covariates in an analysis of covariance, and by modeling a spatial covariance between adjacent plots. The most suitable model can be identified using the Akaike Information Criterion. In addition, it has to be ensured that the covariate is independent from genotypic effects and that it is linearly related with the response variable. Dynamic yield stability of genotypes was frequently found to depend strongly on the specific set of test environments. When the genotypes were evaluated in different environments, e.g. in the following year, the ranking in yield stability could be different. This would result in a low heritability. Theoretical assumptions and empirical studies showed that heritability can be increased when the number of test environments is increased. Five series of barley registration trials with a reduced number of 16 to 27 genotypes evaluated in 39 to 45 environments were used to investigate the relationship between magnitude of heritability of yield stability and number of test environments. Based on a cross-validation approach, it was found, that at least 40 test environments should be used to obtain a heritability of 0.5. Magnitude of heritability, however, varied strongly within and between series. Therefore, depending on the respective set of environments and genotypes, more or less test environments can be needed. Yield performance of wheat hybrids produced using chemical hybridizing agents (CHA) or cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) was well investigated in other studies reporting around 10% midparent heterosis for grain yield. In the present thesis, CMS-based barley hybrids were compared with parental inbred lines and unrelated commercial inbred lines in breeding and registration trials. Midparent heterosis was around 10%. The comparison with commercial inbred lines in the registration trials revealed that hybrids could compete with and partially surpass outstanding inbred lines. Triticale hybrids, produced using CMS, were evaluated for grain yield at up to 20 environments with their parents and commercial inbred lines. Midparent heterosis amounted to 3% and no hybrid outyielded the best inbred line. The low yield performance of triticale hybrids is probably associated with CMS-system, since CHA-based triticale hybrids showed a midparent heterosis around 10% in early studies, which is comparable to the midparent heterosis found in wheat and barley. Yield stability of CHA-based wheat as well as CMS-based hybrids of barley and triticale was compared with yield stability of parental and commercial inbred lines on group level. The wheat and barley hybrids showed on average significantly higher dynamic yield stability compared to inbred lines, but the triticale hybrids did not. In the barley registration trials, hybrids had the highest dynamic yield stability on average. The CMS-based triticale hybrids, however, showed on average significantly lower dynamic yield stability as their female parents and the commercial inbred lines across 20 environments. In conclusion, hybrids of wheat and barley possessed an increased yield potential as well as an enhanced dynamic yield stability. In contrast, the CMS-based triticale hybrids showed only marginal yield advantages coupled with low dynamic yield stability. Further research is required to increase economical competitiveness of hybrids in all three crops, to identify and eliminate the reasons for poor performance of CMS-based triticale hybrids and to investigate the suitability of dynamic yield stability measures to identify vigorous and stress tolerant genotypes.
Effects of seed coating on germination and early seedling growth in cereals
(2014) Gorim, Linda Yuya; Asch, Folkard
Grain cereals such as barley, rye, wheat or sorghum, constitute a major share in human diet worldwide. Climate change threatens cereal production systems due to emerging unreliable rainfall patterns and thus, renders crop production vulnerable to early season failure of crop establishment. Breeding drought tolerant genotypes is a long and complicated process, thus not suited to respond to environmental changes quickly but rather to address the problem in a longer time frame. Seed coats increasing water availability to the seed and enhancing early vigor of the seedling may be a better short term solution. Seed coats containing hydro-absorbers such as Stockosorb® or Geohumus® can improve water availability and in combination with other substances for example humic acids or plant fortifiers such as Biplantol® may improve early vigor. However, very low germination rates have been observed in seeds coated in this way resulting in slow adoption of seed coating technology in agriculture. The present study analyzed the effects of seed coating on germination, which seed coat composition can enhance germination rate and early vigor and why, the effects of seed coat on germination and seed physiology, and which influence seed coats containing different kinds of hydro-absorbers have on the drought resistance of seed during germination. Studies were conducted on barley, rye, and wheat seeds. In these species the mode of action of differently composed seed coats and the effects of differences in seed coat strength were studied whereas the studies on drought resistance were performed with sorghum seeds. The following results were obtained and submitted for international publication: 1) Seed coating in general reduced germination rates as compared to uncoated seeds. Seed coating thickness was the determining factor. With a share of the seed coat of 75% of the total grain (seed + seed coat) germination was very little affected by coating. However, smaller seed coat shares and particularly shares smaller than 50% of the total grain severely reduced germination rate. This effect was especially pronounced in wheat. 2) With seed coat shares larger than 75% and the coats dotted with different substances generally resulted in high germination rates. However, strong genotypic effects were observed in responses of seed physiology and dry matter partitioning to the different substances included in the coat, with barley generally responding positively, rye intermediate and in wheat generally the weakest effects were observed. Across genotypes Biplantol included in the coat mainly promoted shoot growth, humic acid increased root growth and hydro-absorbers mainly the rate of germination and early vigour. Due to those results only seed coated with hydro-absorber containing coat and with coat not smaller than 75% were used for all following studies. 3) Seedlings growing from coated seeds with coat shares > 75% showed accelerated early seedling growth with strongly reduced respiratory losses during the mobilization of endosperm reserves, combined with significantly increased mobilisation efficiency in all three cereals. Analyses showed that the sucrose metabolism and thus the availability of glucose as energy provider for growth differed strongly between coated and uncoated seeds as well as among the cereal species. Embryos from coated seed (particularly in barley and wheat) seemed to grow better with significantly less glucose indicating a chance in the enzymatic cleavage of sucrose that could only be due to the higher energy efficiency of the enzyme sucrose synthase. 4) Studies during germination in sensu stricto (the first 48h hours after soaking) showed that in the embryos of coated seeds conditions were hypoxic with oxygen concentrations of less than 5% of atmospheric oxygen as compared to 60-80% oxygen of atmosphere in embryos of uncoated seeds. From this it was deduced that the lower respiratory losses during germination of coated seeds are due to a switch in sugar metabolism from invertase based cleavage of sucrose to sucrose synthase based cleavage of sucrose which is the less energy demanding pathway in the near absence of oxygen. 5) A last study on drought resistance of coated seed whose coats comprised two different hydro-absorbers (Stockosorb or Geohumus) showed that the drought responses of coated seed differed little form uncoated seeds. However, seedling growth under both drought and fully watered conditions was affected by the type of hydro-absorber in the coat. Whereas Stockosorb promoted rather root growth,Geohumus enhanced shoot growth. In conclusion, it can be stated that seed coats investigated in this study in general promoted germination rate and success in cereals if the seed coat has the appropriate strength i.e. coat shares not below 75% of total grain. Additives such as Biplantol or humic acid promote vigour and influence dry matter partitioning in favour of specific organs which could be employed as management options during germination. It was shown that seed coats influence the germination and seedling metabolism und induce hypoxic conditions in embryonic tissue which shift the sugar metabolism to a more energy efficient pathway. Oxygen dynamics in the different seed tissues require further studies and need to be better understood in order to employ the positive effects of seed coating in a targeted and species-specific approach to improve and enhance crop establishment particularly in drought prone cereal production systems. Another future pathway could be including nutrients in the coat that promote early seedling growth and for systems threatened by early drought spells or unreliable rainfall a seed coat that would conduct water to the seed only after soil moisture has surpassed a given threshold and thus induces germination only when water availability is optimal.
Evaluation of association mapping and genomic prediction in diverse barley and cauliflower breeding material
(2018) Thorwarth, Patrick; Schmid, Karl J.
Due to the advent of new sequencing technologies and high-throughput phenotyping an almost unlimited amount of data is available. In combination with statistical methods such as Genome-wide association mapping (GWAM) and Genomic prediction (GP), these information can provide valuable insight into the genetic potential of individuals and support selection and crossing decisions in a breeding program. In this thesis we focused on the evaluation of the aforementioned methods in diverse barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) populations consisting of elite material and genetic resources. We concentrated on the dissection of the influence of specific parameters such as marker type, statistical models, influence of population structure and kinship, on the performance of GWAM and GP. For parts of this thesis, we additionally used simulated data to support findings based on empirical data. First, we compared four different GWAM methods that either use single-marker or haplotypes for the detection of quantitative trait loci in a barley population. To find out the required population size and marker density to detect QTLs of varying effect size, we performed a simulation study based on parameter estimates of the empirical population. We could demonstrate that already in small populations of about 100 individuals, QTLs with a large effect can be detected and that at least 500 individuals are necessary to detect QTLs with an effect < 10%. Furthermore, we demonstrated an increased power of haplotpye based methods in the detection of very small QTLs. In a second study we used a barley population consisting of 750 individuals as training set to compare different GP models, that are currently used by scientists and plant breeders. From the training set 33 offspring families were derived with a total of 750 individuals. This enabled us to assess the prediction ability not only based on cross-validation but also in a large offspring population with varying degree of relatedness to the training population. We investigated the effects of linkage disequilibrium and linkage phase, population structure and relatedness of individuals, on the prediction ability. We could demonstrate a strong effect of the population structure on the prediction ability and show that about 11,203 evenly spaced SNP markers are necessary to predict even genetically distant populations. This implies that at the current marker density prediction ability is based on the relatedness of the individuals. In a third study we focused on the evaluation of GWAM and GP in cauliflower. We focused on the evaluation of genotyping-by-sequencing and compared the influence of imputation methods on the prediction ability and the number of significant associations. We obtained a total 120,693 SNPs in a random collection of 174 cauliflower genebank accessions. We demonstrated that imputation did not increase prediction ability and that the number of detected QTLs only slightly differed between the imputed and the unimputed data set. GP performed well even in such a diverse gene bank sample, but population structure again influenced the prediction ability. We could demonstrate the usefulness and limitations of Genome-wide association mapping and genomic prediction in two species. Even though a lot of research in the field of statistical genetics has provided valuable insight, the usage of Genomic prediction should still be applied with care and only as a supporting tool for classical breeding methods.
Impact of climate change on future barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production in Ethiopia
(2022) Gardi, Mekides W.; Graeff-Hönninger, Simone
Summary Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth major cereal crop in the world, and it accounts for 8% of the total cereal production in Ethiopia based on cultivation location. Farmers may face unpredictable rainfall and drought stress patterns, such as terminal drought, in which rainfall ends before crops reach physiological maturity, posing a challenge to crop production. Furthermore, climate change is expected to reduce crop production/yield due to increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations, temperatures, and extreme climate events such as floods, storms, and heatwaves, highlighting the importance of taking action to develop climate-resilient cultivars and secure future crop production. Against this background, a meta-analysis study was conducted to synthesize and summarize to assess the overall effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2), and its interaction with nitrogen (N) and temperature on barley grain yield and yield components. A climate chamber experiment was carried out to identify the impacts of projected CO2 enrichment (eCO2) on a set of landraces and released cultivars of Ethiopian barley. The crop-climate modeling approach was used to simulate future climate change and to identify the impacts of climate change on selected barley genotypes and study locations in Ethiopia. Furthermore, adaption options were simulated and identified. Publication I, aimed to answer how eCO2 and its interaction with N and temperature affects barley yield at a global level. Peer-reviewed primary literature (published between 1991-2020) focusing on barley yield responses to eCO2, temperature, and N were searched on different search engines. The response of five yield variables of barley was synthesized and summarized using a meta-analysis technique. Different experimental factors which might affect the estimation of the response of barley yield to eCO2 were calculated. The results revealed that eCO2 increased barley yield components such as vegetative biomass (23.8%), grain number (24.8%), and grain yield (27.4%) at a global level. Barley vegetative biomass and grain yield were increased under the combination of eCO2 with the higher N level (151-200 kg ha-1) compared to the lower levels. Grain number and grain yield were increased when eCO2 combined with temperature level (21-25°C) this response was not evident. The response of barley to eCO2 was different among genotypes and experimental conditions. Publication II, the genetic diversity of Ethiopian barley was screened under eCO2 enrichment in a controlled exposure experiment. The experiment was conducted at the Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, the University of Hohenheim in 2019. A total of 30 (15 landrace and 15 released cultivars) were grown under two levels of CO2 concentration (400 and 550 ppm) in climate chambers. Plant-development-related measurements and water consumption were recorded once a week and yield was measured at the final harvest. A significant increment in plant height by 9.5 and 6.7%, vegetative biomass by 7.6 and 9.4%, and grain yield by 34.1 and 40.6% in landraces and released cultivars, respectively were observed due to eCO2. The effect of eCO2 was genotype-dependent, for instance, the response of grain yield in landraces ranged from -25% to +122%, while it was between -42% to 140% in released cultivars. The water-use efficiency of vegetative biomass and grain yield significantly increased by 7.9 and 33.3% in landraces, with 9.5 and 42.9% improvement in released cultivars, respectively under eCO2. Comparing the average response of landraces versus released Ethiopian barley cultivars, the highest percentage yield change due to eCO2 was recorded for released cultivars. However, higher actual yields under both levels of CO2 were observed for landraces. Publication III, Current and future climate change, its impact on Ethiopian barley production, and adaptation options were simulated using the DSSAT-CERES-Barley model. Climate change scenarios were set up over 60 years using Representative Concentration Pathways (4.5 and 8.5), and five Global Climate Models. The changes in Ethiopian climate and barley production were calculated from the baseline period (1981-2010). Different sowing dates, sowing densities, and fertilizer levels were tested as climate change impact mitigation strategies in a sensitivity analysis. The analysis of a crop-climate model revealed an increasing trend of temperature (1.5 to 4.9 °C) and a mixed trend of rainfall (-61.4 to +86.1%) in the barley-producing locations of Ethiopia. The response of two Ethiopian barley cultivars was simulated under different climate change scenarios and a reduction of yield up to 98% was recorded for cv. Traveler while cv. EH-1493 exhibited a reduction of up to 63%. Even though a similar trend was observed for most of the studied locations, cv. EH-1493 showed a yield gain of up to 14.7% at Holeta. The sensitivity analysis on potential adaptation options indicated that the negative effects of climate change could be mitigated by earlier sowing dates, with a 25% higher sowing density and a 50% higher fertilizer rate than the current recommendation. The results of the present dissertation show the change in the Ethiopian climate and its impact on barley production. Barley production could benefit from eCO2; however, the response varied among genotypes, additional stress, and experimental condition. A reduction of barley grain yield under different climate change scenarios was observed mainly due to increasing temperature. However, the reduction could be minimized through different adaptation options. The information from the current dissertation could be used to identify agro-economic implications of CO2 enrichment and climate variability on yield regarding appropriate genotype selection and adaptation of regional cropping systems (e.g., management and breeding strategies). Further experimental studies assessing crop production, nutritional quality, and adaptation options under multifactor climate conditions should be carried out to increase basic understanding and identify genotypes for future breeding programs.
Impacts of temperature increase and change in precipitation pattern on ecophysiology, biomass allocation and yield quality of selected crops
(2023) Drebenstedt, Ireen; Högy, Petra
Climate change poses a challenge for the production of crops in the twenty-first century due to alterations in environmental conditions. In Central Europe, temperature will be increased and precipitation pattern will be altered, thereby influencing soil moisture content, physiological plant processes and crop development in agricultural areas, with impacts on crop yield and the chemical composition of seeds. Warming and drought often occur simultaneously. The combination of multiple abiotic stresses can be synergistic, leading to additive negative effects on crop productivity. To date, little information is available from multi-factor experiments analyzing interactive effects of warming and reduced precipitation in an arable field. In addition, one major issue of studying climate change effects on crop development in the long-term is that weather conditions can vary strongly between years, e.g., with hot and dry summers in comparison to cool and wet ones, which directly affects soil moisture content and indirectly affects crop development. Thus, considering yearly weather conditions seems to be important for the analyses of climate change effects on aboveground biomass and harvestable yield of crops. The aim of the present work was to identify single and combined effects of soil warming (+2.5 °C), reduced summer precipitation amount (-25%), and precipitation frequency (-50%) on crop development, ecophysiology, aboveground biomass and yield as well as on yield quality of wheat, barley, and oilseed rape grown in the Hohenheim Climate Change (HoCC) field experiment. This thesis presents novel results from the HoCC experiment in the long-term perspective. Thus, aboveground biomass and yield data (2009-2018) of the three crops were analyzed with regard to their inter-annual variability, including annual fluctuations in weather conditions.This thesis consists of three publications. In the first and second publication a field experiment within the scope of the HoCC experiment was conducted with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. RGT Planet) and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Mercedes) in 2016 and 2017. The objective was to investigate the impacts of soil warming, altered precipitation pattern and their interactions on biomass production and crop yield. In addition, it was examined, whether the simulated climate changes affecting barley photosynthesis and the seed quality compounds of oilseed rape. In the third publication, long-term plant productivity data of wheat, barley, and oilseed rape were evaluated, including aboveground biomass and yield data from the field experiment in 2018 with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Rebell).
Recurrent selection for increased outcrossing rates of barley from semi-arid regions of Syria and Jordan
(2010) Nandety, Aruna; Geiger, Hartwig H.
Improving the grain yield in drought stress environments such as the semi-arid areas of the West Asia North Africa (WANA) region has been a persistent problem since many years. Although barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely grown in this region, the possibility of a crop failure is high. Being an autogamous crop, barley cultivars display almost complete homozygosity. Population genetic studies have shown that heterozygous barley genotypes possess a significantly increased stress tolerance, thus, being superior in both the level and stability of yielding performance. Therefore, increasing the level of heterozygosity in barley was the general aim of this study. For this purpose, a new marker-assisted recurrent selection (RS) approach was developed and applied to a genetically broad based world collection of barley germplasm. The specific objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the efficacy of the above approach, (2) to determine the gain in heterozygosity over four RS cycles and to evaluate the selection results in a final experiment under common environmental conditions, (3) to estimate the selection differential, response to selection and realized heritability and (4) to provide barley materials with increased heterozygosity to plant breeding programs in the WANA region. Applying the RS approach, only plants showing superior levels of heterozygosity at co-dominant molecular marker (SSR) loci were advanced to successive selection cycles. These heterozygous plants were expected to carry a combination of advantageous alleles a) for open flowering from the female parent, and b) for pollen shedding from the male parent. For marker assessment, bulking of the plants and multiplexing of the SSR markers was practised in each selection cycle to save time and labour. The most polymorphic bulks were genotyped plant-wise and seed of the most heterozygous plants was advanced to the subsequent RS cycles. In the course of the RS experiment, a base population was compiled from 201 gene bank accessions held by the ?International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas? (ICARDA) and the ?Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research? (IPK) in Germany. Selection led to a stepwise increase in the heterozygosity from 0.60% in the base population to 3.24% after four cycles of selection. In the base population, the six-rowed landraces showed higher heterozygosity than the two-rowed. Selection response was highest in the first RS cycle which may be attributable to a major decline of the genetic variance from cycle to cycle and to a severe reduction of the population size due to strong dormancy among the entries selected in the first RS cycle. Very low realized heritabilities for observed heterozygosity were obtained in each RS cycle. Nevertheless, significant selection response was obtained. In order to compare the results of the individual RS cycles under common environmental conditions, preserved seed from each of the selected parent plants was grown in a final greenhouse experiment. Beside heterozygosity, various development, flowering and performance traits (days to ear emergence, anther extrusion, open flowering, number of ear bearing tillers, 100-grain weight and seed number) were additionally assessed in this experiment. The observed heterozygosity increased from 0.23% in population C1 via 0.69% in C2 and C3 to 1.29% in C4. The marker genotypes assessed in the final experiment were used to estimate multi-locus outcrossing rates. Values increased from 1.4% in C1 via 2.1% in C2 to 2.8% in C3 and C4. Generally, the increase from cycle to cycle was significant. Only the progress from C1 to C2 and from C3 to C4 did not reach the 5% significance level. All estimates were probably downward biased due to extremely high temperatures in the greenhouse during flowering. Great differences existed between the outcrossing rates of individual families within populations. Only non-significant weak to negligible correlations were obtained between floral traits and the outcrossing rate. The observed positive response to recurrent selection substantiates the efficacy of the present approach for enhancing the level of heterozygosity in barley, offering good perspectives for improving the productivity of the crop in the stress prone WANA region. The new selection approach, in principle, is applicable to other autogamous or partially autogamous crop plants as well.
Rhizodeposition and biotic interactions in the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Hordeum vulgare L.
(2008) Haase, Susan; Kandeler, Ellen
Biochemical processes at the soil-plant interface are largely regulated by organic and inorganic compounds released by roots and microorganisms. Several abiotic and biotic factors are suspected to stimulate rhizodeposition and, thus, contribute to enriching of the rhizosphere with plant-derived compounds. This thesis focused on the effects of two factors, (i) the elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration accompanied by nutrient limitation in the soil and (ii) low-level root infestation by plant-parasitic nematodes, on the quantity and quality of rhizodeposits with consequences for plant-nutrient acquisition and plant-microbial interactions in the rhizosphere. Experiments were largely conducted in mini-rhizotrones, which allowed a localized collection of rhizodeposits and rhizosphere soil along single roots. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been steadily increasing. This probably impacts terrestrial ecosystems by stimulating plant photosynthesis and belowground allocation of the additional fixed C. Increased root exudation, promoting rhizosphere microbes, has been hypothesized as a possible explanation for the lower plant N nutritional status under elevated CO2, due to enhanced plant-microbial N competition. Legumes may counterbalance the enhanced N requirement by increased symbiotic N2 fixation. The effects of elevated CO2 on factors determining this symbiotic interaction were assessed in Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown under limited or sufficient N supply and ambient or elevated CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 reduced N tissue concentrations but did not affect plant biomass production. 14CO2 pulse-labelling revealed no indication for a general increase in root exudation by the whole root system, which might have forced N-competition in the rhizosphere under elevated CO2. However, a CO2-induced stimulation in the exudation of sugars and malate, a chemoattractant for rhizobia, was detected in apical root zones, as potential infection sites. In nodules, elevated CO2 increased the accumulation of malate as a major C source for the microsymbiont and of malonate, with functions in nodule development. Nodule biomass was also enhanced. Moreover, the release of nod-gene-inducing flavonoids was stimulated under elevated CO2, suggesting a selective stimulation of factors involved in establishing the Rhizobium symbiosis. Since elevated-CO2-mediated effects on exudation by Phaseolus vulgaris L. are restricted to root apices, the abundance and function of the soil microbial community were investigated at two levels of spatial resolution to assess the response of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of the whole root system and in apical root zones to elevated CO2 and different N supply. At the coarser resolution, the microbial community did not respond to CO2 elevation because the C flux from the whole root system into soil did not change. At the higher spatial resolution, the CO2-mediated enhanced root exudation from root apices led to higher enzyme activities of the C and N cycle in the adhering soil at an early stage of plant growth. At later stages, however, enzyme activities decreased under elevated CO2. This might reflect a shift in microbial C usage from the decay of polymers towards soluble carbohydrates derived from increased root exudation. CO2 elevation or N supply did not affect the abundance of total and denitrifying bacteria in rhizosphere soil of apical root zones. Thus, the microbial community in the rhizosphere of bean plants responded to elevated CO2 by altered enzyme regulation and not by enhanced growth. Beyond N, plants and microorganisms may also compete for micronutrients such as Fe in the rhizosphere. Hordeum vulgare L., a model plant with high secretion of phytosiderophores (PS) under Fe limitation, was investigated to assess the effects of elevated CO2 on PS release, Fe acquisition and potential impacts on rhizosphere microbial communities. Experiments were conducted in hydroponics and soil culture with or without Fe-fertilization and ambient or elevated CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 stimulated biomass production of Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient plants in both culture systems. Secretion of PS in apical root zones of N deficient plants increased strongly under elevated CO2 in hydroponics, but no PS were detectable in root exudates from soil-grown plants. However, higher Fe shoot-contents of plants grown in soil culture without Fe supply suggest an increased efficiency for Fe acquisition under elevated CO2. Despite the evidence for altered PS secretion under elevated CO2, no significant influence on rhizosphere-bacterial communities was detected. Low-level herbivory by parasitic nematodes is thought to induce leakage of plant metabolites from damaged roots, which can foster microorganisms. Other factors such as alterations in root exudation or morphology in undamaged roots, caused by nematode-host interactions were almost not considered yet. Hordeum vulgare L. was inoculated with 0, 2000, 4000 or 8000 root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) for 4 weeks. In treatments with 4000 nematodes, shoot biomass, total N and P content increased by the end of the experiment. One week after inoculation, greater release of sugars, carboxylates and amino acids from apical root zones indicates leakage from this main nematode penetration site. Low levels of root herbivory stimulated root hair elongation in both infected and uninfected roots. This probably contributed to the increased sugar exudation in uninfected roots in all nematode treatments at three weeks after inoculation. Root-knots formed a separate microhabitat within the root system. They were characterised by decreased rhizodeposition and an increased fungal to bacterial ratio in the surrounding soil. This study provides evidence that, beside leakage, low-level root herbivory induces local and systemic effects on root morphology and exudation, which in turn may affect plant performance and competition. In conclusion, this thesis extends our knowledge about the potential impact of two different plant-growth-affecting factors on rhizosphere processes, particularly at the small scale and is, thus, interesting for future assessment of management strategies in agriculture under global climate change.
Ruminal degradation characteristics of barley, rye, and triticale grains assayed in situ and in vitro, and by near-infrared spectroscopy
(2017) Krieg, Jochen; Rodehutscord, Markus
The milk yield of dairy cows and related energy and protein requirements have steadily increased in the last few decades. Since feed intake has not increased to the same extent as nutritional requirements, the concentration of nutrients in mixed rations had to be increased. An increase in energy concentration is often achieved by the inclusion of high levels of cereal grains. In the EU—apart from wheat—barley, rye, and triticale are widely cultivated cereal grains. Starch (ST), followed by crude protein (CP), is the main constituent of cereal grains. The rate and extent of ruminal CP and ST degradation can influence the performance and health of dairy cows, but data that can enable the comparison of ruminal degradation within and between barley, rye, and triticale grains are scarce. Commonly used techniques to explore ruminal degradation of feed are in situ and in vitro incubations. Both techniques require ruminal-fistulated animals, but alternative methods are being demanded by the community, in order to reduce the number of animal trials. An approach with the potential to estimate the nutritional value of various feeds is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The present thesis has two major parts. In the first part, ruminal degradation parameters and the effective degradability (ED) of DM, CP, and ST from barley, rye, and triticale grains are investigated using standardised in situ and in vitro incubation techniques. A total of 20 genotypes per grain species were used. In the second part, NIRS calibrations were developed with the aim of estimating the CP and ST concentrations of cereal grains and their incubation residues. Subsequently, data from in situ experiments were used to establish the calibrations for estimating the ruminal in situ degradation of cereal grains from their spectral data. In situ degradation studies have been conducted by ruminal incubation, utilising three lactating cows. Ruminal degradation parameters and ED (ruminal passage rate = 8%//h) were calculated. For in vitro incubations, the samples were incubated in a rumen fluid-buffer mixture (‘Hohenheim Gas Test’). The gas production was recorded for estimating gas production kinetics. In vitro gas production—in combination with crude nutrient concentrations—was used to estimate the metabolisable energy concentration (ME) and digestibility of organic matter (dOM). The degradation rates differed between and within the grain species for DM, CP, and ST. The variation within grain species was not reflected in the ED of CP and ST, due to the relatively fast and almost complete degradation of the grains. The ED of CP was 77% (69–80%) for barley, 85% (83–86%) for rye, and 82% (79–84%) for triticale. The corresponding ED of ST was 86% (82–88%), 95% (92–96%), and 94% (90–95%). Accordingly, the estimated ME (barley: 13.5 MJ/kg DM, rye: 13.9 MJ/kg DM, triticale: 13.5 MJ/ kg DM) showed only relatively minor variation within one grain species. The dOM was overall at a high level (barley: 91.3%, rye: 95.3%, triticale: 95.8%). The relatively small variation within one grain species could not be explained by the chemical and physical characteristics of the samples. Hence, it was concluded that it is feasible to use mean values for every species in feed formulation and ration planning. In the second part of this thesis, it was shown that it is possible to replace chemical CP and ST analyses of samples from in situ studies by NIRS without affecting the calculated ruminal degradation characteristics. NIRS could be used to estimate the ED of CP and ST from cereal grains. The sample set to establish the calibrations included barley, durum, maize, rye, triticale, and wheat grains. Calibrations for the CP and ST concentration were extended to pea samples. The calibrations with the best validation performance for CP and ST concentration were obtained by using the wavelength segment of 1250 to 2450 nm and the first derivative of the spectra (CP: R2 = 0.99; SEP = 0.46% DM. ST: R2 = 0.99; SEP = 2.10% DM). The results of in situ studies did not differ, irrespective of whether chemical or NIRS analysis was used. Like the CP and ST concentration, the ED was estimated with a high accuracy (ED8 CP: R2 = 0.95; SEP = 2.43%. ED8 ST: R2 = 0.97; SEP = 2.45%). However, calibrations need to be extended before they can be recommended for routine use. The present thesis demonstrates that the ED of CP and ST of barley, rye, and triticale grains differ between the species, but variation within one grain species is relatively small and not related to the chemical and physical characteristics of the grain. Hence, under the prevailing cultivation conditions, the mean values for each grain species in feed evaluation are deemed adequate. It was demonstrated that NIRS has the potential to facilitate the evaluation of the nutritive value of cereal grains for ruminants.