Browsing by Subject "Geschichte"

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Airbus - ein gelungenes Beispiel für beschäftigungsorientierte Industriepolitik?
(2000) Hepperle, Guntram R. M.
Spätestens seit dem offiziellen Verkaufsstart des A3XX am 23.6.2000 ist "der Airbus" wieder in aller Munde. Am selben Tag wurde die Überführung des Konsortiums in eine eigenständige Aktiengesellschaft nach französischem Recht bekanntgegeben. Zusammen mit der Fusion drei der vier Airbus-Mutter-Unternehmen (Aerospatiale Matra,Casa und DASA) zum neuen europäischen Luft- und Raumfahrtunternehmen EADS und dem Börsengang am 1O.7.2llllll ist eine Entwicklung zum vorläufigen Abschluß gekommen, die in den 60er Jahren begann. Ziel war es damals gewesen, den Rückstand Europas gegenüber den USA im zivilen Großflugzeugbau aufzuholen. Es sollte die vermutete technologische Lücke geschlossen werden. Die Luftfahrtindustrie wurde als strategische Zukunftsbranche betrachtet: zum einen wegen der militärischen Relevanz, zum anderen wegen dem Rückstand gegenüber den USA. Nicht zuletzt erhoffte man sich die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen in einem zukunftsorientierten Bereich, ein Anliegen, das seit den 80er und 90er Jahren des vergangeneu Jahrhunderts auf Grund der verschärften Arbeitsmarktprobleme in Europa an Bedeutung hinzugewonnen hat. Aus diesen Grunden wurden erhebliche öffentliche Mittel in die Unterstützung der Entwicklung neuer Flugzeuge investiert. Das Airbus-Projekt wurde zu einem der größten Subventionsempfänger in Europa. Aus theoretischer Sicht wurde der Airbus zu einem klassischen Fall vertikaler (das heißt, sektoraler, auf einzelne Branchen bezogener) Industriepolitik, zu deren Rechtfertigung Elemente der Theorie der Strategischen Handelspolitik herangezogen wurden. Er eignet sich deshalb besonders gut für eine an industriepolitischen Fragestellungen interessierten Untersuchung. Aus dem Gesagten ergibt sich die Vergebensweise der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Im ersten Schritt ist die historische Entwicklung des Airbus nachzuzeichnen. Im zweiten Schritt wird die Praxis der theoretischen Überprüfung unterzogen: Durch welche Charakteristika ist die Produktion ziviler Großraumflugzeuge gekennzeichnet? Welche staatlichen Handlungsoptionen lassen sich daraus vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie der strategischen Handelspolitik ableiten? Welche Ergebnisse empirischer Studien liegen vor Danach sind die Beschäftigungswirkungen zu analysieren. Im letzten Abschnitt werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst.
Beitrag zur Untersuchung des Innovationsgeschehens und ausgewählter Unternehmen der deutschen Landmaschinenindustrie von den Anfängen bis in die 1970er Jahre
(2017) Krombholz, Klaus; Köller, Karlheinz
Industrial production of agricultural equipment had already begun in the 18th century in England. First of all, the USA and from the middle of the 19th century onwards also Germany increasingly followed this development. Though this sector had primarily been characterized by crafts enterprises and small establishments for a long time, already in the 19th century the first large companies had arisen. During the following time, however, the small and mediumsize enterprises still dominated. Only as from the middle of the 20th century a gradual trend to large companies was to be found that began to prevail more and more also in Germany from the end of the 20th century. Within the agricultural engineering of the GDR this development had already taken place some decades earlier. After a relatively continuous development during the first decades essential changes in the corporate landscape occurred after a time of economic boom in the 1920s. This process was fortified by inflation and the depression. The majority of the large concerns established in the time of startups were affected thereby. The overcapacity generated again from a boom in the 1950s resulted in serious structural changes and in reducing the potential. Though the agricultural engineering of West Germany experienced a short special boom by the reunification at the beginning of the 1990s, the decrease in turnover as from the middle of the 1980s decisively influenced the corporate landscape during the 1990s. In this period foreign companies became active on the market to a great extent and advanced the globalisation of the sector. The agricultural industry in East Germany had diminished to a negligible dimension already in the middle of the 1990s. The German agriculture at first supplied themselves with agricultural engineering by imports primarily from England and the USA. However, already in the first decades of the 20th century the German industry of agricultural machinery could overcome the dependence on imports to a large extent and in the following they could achieve first places within the export rates in the international comparison by increasing own export rates. Beside the first own developments of the products, initially, the reproduction and replication of English and American prototypes dominated. In the second half of the 20th century, German developments were, above all, derived from American products in decreasing tendency. Finally, as from the 1990s, when the highest requirements were given to the agricultural machinery of the East German agricultural large enterprises on the local market, the German agricultural engineering grew to a leading driver of innovation. Though the German agricultural technicians also innovatively dealt with the whole range of the mechanisation solutions for the agricultural sector already very early, the product groups ripened at different times and were accepted and applied by the farming practice. Under this aspect, the innovation process was divided up into the former and later innovation areas. In the initial period the whole current agricultural technical product line was prevalently offered in the German agricultural machinery industry, whereas the assortment was subdivided in own developments, follow-up developments and reproductions as well as trading goods. At first, the enterprises only little focused on specialising in a limited assortment. This development increasingly began only as from the 1920s. From this point of view also the larger concerns only very rarely could aim at high-volume production. Especially the German production of tractors that was distributed among a large number of enterprises up to the 1960s had been burdened by comparatively low quantities and therefore by predominantly small-lot and medium-sized serial production for a long time. By contrast, the agricultural machinery of the GDR with its relatively small assortment was, in most of its product programmes, oriented towards high-sized serial production with extremely high export shares already from the 1960s onwards.
Democratic prospects in Imperial Russia : the revolution of 1905 and the political stock market
(2015) Opitz, Alexander
This paper assesses the attitude of investors towards Democratic change by performing an event study using Russian government bonds. The Revolution of 1905 offers an ideal occasion as, alongside the related revolutionary events, it was accompanied by two opposing constitutional changes within a short period of time. This study contributes to the debate as to whether Imperial Russia could possibly have followed other Western European states, i.e. gradually adopting a democratic rule, or whether a revolution was inevitable – as the writing of Soviet history suggests. Furthermore, the Russo-Japanese War is taken into consideration. The results are basically in line with the literature on the impact of wars on capital markets. Prices of two types of bonds on both the Saint Petersburg and the Berlin stock exchange are employed. As it turns out, investors in the East and West were largely consistent in their reactions.
Does medieval trade still mater? Historical trade centers, agglomeration and contemporary economic development
(2013) Wahl, Fabian
This study empirically establishes a link between medieval trade, agglomeration and contemporary regional development in ten European countries. It documents a statistically and economically significant positive relationship between prominent involvement in medieval trade and commercial activities and regional economic development today. Further empirical analyses show that medieval trade positively influenced city development both during the medieval period and in the long run; they also reveal a robust connection between medieval city growth and contemporary regional agglomeration and industry concentration. A mediation analysis indicates that a long-lasting effect of medieval trade on contemporary regional development is indeed transmitted via its effect on agglomeration and industry concentration. This research thus highlights the long-run importance of medieval trade in shaping the development of cities as well as the contemporary spatial distribution of economic activity throughout Europe. The path-dependent regional development processes caused by medieval commercial activities help explain the observed persistent regional development differences across the European countries considered.
Political rights, taxation, and firm valuation : evidence from Saxony around 1900
(2012) Opitz, Alexander; Lehmann, Sibylle H.; Hauber, Philipp
The extension of the franchise to social groups with less property and income is associated with greater income redistribution from the rich to the poor and extension in the provision of public goods, which leads to the growth of government expenditure. All of these expected changes are costly and therefore a higher taxation of citizens and industrial firms can be expected, which might have negative effects on investors behavior. The present paper studies the effects of changes in the suffrage in the Kingdom of Saxony at the end of the 19th Century on stock market prices of Saxon firms listed on the Berlin stock exchange: Here the electoral law was changed twice: In 1896 a very restrictive franchise was introduced, which was abolished in 1909 and replaced by a more democratic electoral law. By applying standard event study methodology, we can provide evidence that the restriction of the electoral law had positive effects on Saxon firms on the stock market, where by the extension in 1909 had negative effects on the stock market.