Browsing by Subject "Gestation"

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Influence of frequent regrouping and social status on behavioral, endocrine and immune responses of group housed pregnant sows
(2020) Schalk, Christiane; Stefanski, Volker
In modern animal husbandry, dynamic group-housing of pregnant sows is a common practice. Every regrouping of animals or every change of group composition is associated with the establishment or the adjustment of a new dominance hierarchy, which provokes aggressive behavior, fights and injuries. This process is known to result in social stress by an activation of different stress systems. The subsequent release of neuroendocrine signals like glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) has the potential to alter several immune functions and immune cell numbers in the blood which may be directly associated with animals’ health, reproduction, embryonic development and economic losses. The effects of frequent regrouping or mixing on pregnant sows’ behavior, stress hormones and especially the distribution of blood leukocyte subpopulations represent a major research gap in the field of stress assessment of dynamic group-housing conditions in pig production. The aim of the present doctoral thesis was to evaluate whether frequent regrouping acts as a chronic social stressor influencing behavior as well as the endocrine and immune system of group-housed pregnant sows. Special emphasis was put on the question whether frequent changes of the group composition affect blood leukocyte subpopulations. A study with 40 pregnant sows was designed to investigate the influence of frequent changes of group composition on numbers of blood leukocyte subpopulations in combination with analyses of agonistic behavior and the endocrine status. Pregnant multiparous sows were housed in groups of five animals. Sows were either assigned to a repeated social mixing treatment with a mutual exchange of two randomly selected sows of two specific groups (2x2) twice a week over a period of eight weeks, or remained undisturbed in their original group. Blood samples of all sows were collected during pregnancy at five time points before, during, and after the mixing period to evaluate the number of blood leukocyte subpopulations and plasma cortisol concentrations. Blood immune cell numbers were analyzed during all trimesters of gestation and the impact of social status on these modifications was assessed. Behavioral data of pregnant sows of this experiment were used to compare various recommended dominance indices to rank individuals based on different methodical aspects to investigate whether these indices are comparable and equally applicable for determination of dominance relationships. Results of the current study demonstrated that pregnancy-associated alterations in the immune system generally exist in sows. The numbers of T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and CD8+ γδ- T cells decreased during the last trimester of pregnancy, while neutrophils and plasma cortisol concentrations increased during pregnancy. Those pregnancy-associated alterations in the immune system were affected especially in middle-ranking sows, which had higher numbers of B cells and monocytes than sows with lower ranking positions. Plasma cortisol concentrations also tended to be higher in middle-ranking sows compared to low-ranking sows indicating that social rank can influence the immune system and endocrine status in sows during pregnancy. These findings showed the necessity to choose the appropriate measurement for calculation of dominance relationships. Repeated social mixing by frequent changes of group composition not only resulted in an increase of aggressive behavior during the entire mixing period, but also in altered immune cell numbers. The immunological profile in blood of mixed sows was characterized by lower numbers of antigen-experienced T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. This work demonstrated that frequent changes of group composition affect both cell numbers of the innate and the adaptive part of the immune system, which may weaken immunological memory functioning and reduce the resistance against certain infections in pregnant sows. For most of these immune cells a certain period of instable housing conditions was required to induce a change, but once manifested, these immunological alterations persisted even after the end of the mixing period. Although the findings of the present work on blood immune cell numbers resemble in many aspects a picture of stress-induced immunomodulation previously reported in context with social stress, no clear differences in measured plasma stress hormone concentrations between treatment groups or rank-positions were found. Whether other factors have influenced cortisol concentrations needs to be further evaluated. The overall picture emerging from the current doctoral thesis indicates that frequent changes of group composition and social status have the potential to induce stress-related immunological changes in pregnant sows which might adversely affect sows’ health.
Vergleich der Wirksamkeit von 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol und konventionellem Cholecalciferol in der Fütterung von Zuchtsauen anhand von Blutmetaboliten, Leistungs- und Knochendaten
(2017) Schnor, Stella; Rodehutscord, Markus
In addition to the reproductive performance, the longevity of the sow plays an essen-tial role in the efficiency of piglet production (Pluym et al. 2013). According to Freitag and Wittmann (2009), lameness, in addition to fertility problems, is one of the most common reasons for the culling of sows. Fundament problems are about the occur-rence of multifactorial disease which can be influenced by management, genetic pre-disposition environmental conditions as well as by feed (Schalk and Schafzahl 2010). In this context, vitamin D plays an essential role in regulating the metabolism of calci-um and phosphate as well as the associated bone metabolism (v. Engelhard and Breves 2010). The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as compared to conventional cholecalciferol in the nutrition of sows, and to evaluate the potential effects of the use of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on performance, health and bone metabolism and the fundamental strength of sows. For this purpose, 145 sows were fed with a concentration of the conventional vitamin D3 of 2000 I.U. / kg and 137 sows were fed with an equivalent concentration of 50 μg HyD (25-Hydroxycholecalciferol) / kg in the first reproductive cycle (pregnancy and lactation). In the second cycle, 99 sows of each group were fed in the same way as in the first production cycle. Performance parameter, body condition and the movement of the sows were captured throughout the observation period. In addition, the plasma concentration of calcium, phosphate and the two bone markers were measured. The bone density was also determined by a computer tomography. There were no signifi-cant differences between the content of conventional vitamin D and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in terms of performance parameters (whether born alive, still-born, mummified or weaned piglets). The birth and weaning weights of piglets from sows, which were fed with the metabolite 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, tend to be higher but the differences were only significant with sows in the second and third to fifth litter as well as in the sixth to tenth litter. The results of the measurement of the body con-dition and thickness of the fat on the back as well as of the scoring of locomotion, confirmed the excellent status of the flock, in terms of body condition and locomotion. The blood parameters have shown that by feeding the sows with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, this could result in a significantly higher level of 25-OHD3 plasma concentration. These results confirm the studies of Lauridsen et al. (2010)and Weber et al. (2014) who used the same product. There was no influence on the calcium and phosphate concentration by feeding the sows with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in this trial. Both groups showed nearly the same concentra-tions of the minerals. The development of the bone markers also displayed the same progress. The CrossLaps of the animals fed with HyD tend to be higher whereas the osteocalcin concentrations were lower compared to the control flock. However, these differences were not significant at any particular time. Even the results of the bone density showed no influence as a result of the feeding of the metabolite 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and both groups had almost the same values in this parame-ter.