Browsing by Subject "Green harvest"

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    The potential of miscanthus as biogas feedstock
    (2020) Kiesel, Andreas; Lewandowski, Iris
    Of all renewable energy forms, biomass accounts for the by far largest proportion of gross inland energy consumption in Europe. As the biogas sector in particular can provide demand-driven electricity generation, energy storage and flexible utilization options including biofuels, it is likely to play an important role in future energy systems in future. In Germany, the largest biogas market in Europe, energy crops provide the highest proportion of biogas input substrates, with maize being the most dominant. The environmental impact of biogas production is mainly attributed to energy crop production, with the risks of maize cultivation being particularly criticized. Perennial biomass crops have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of the biogas sector and miscanthus is an especially promising candidate crop due to its high yields. However, preliminary observations have indicated that the green harvest of miscanthus necessary for biogas production leads to a strong yield depression in the subsequent year. The aim of this thesis was to determine and understand the mechanisms influencing the green-cut tolerance of miscanthus and to assess the potential of different green-harvest regimes for biogas production. Here, ‘green-cut tolerance’ is defined as the crop’s ability to regrow in the year after the green harvest is performed without yield depression. A further aim of this thesis was to investigate the environmental performance of miscanthus-based biogas production and to determine its energy efficiency compared to other utilization options. Field trials were conducted to assess the potential of miscanthus hybrids for biogas production, the green-cut tolerance of Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg), and how both are influenced by management practices (harvest regime x nitrogen fertilization). A Life-Cycle Assessment was performed to evaluate the environmental impact of biogas production from perennial C4 grasses, including miscanthus, and to assess the optimization potential compared to the standard biogas crop maize. The suitability of miscanthus biomass was investigated for the utilization options bioethanol, biogas and combustion, and the energy efficiency of these was compared based on their net energy yield. The results revealed that Mxg harvested in October showed the highest average biomass yield, the highest methane yield (approx. 6000 m3 methane ha-1) of all harvest regimes, and a higher substrate-specific methane (SMY) yield than for biomass harvested after winter. An earlier green harvest (July, August) improved the SMY, but led to a sharp biomass and thus methane yield decline in the second year and was identified as unsuitable for Mxg. As increased nitrogen fertilization showed no effect on the yield in any of the harvest regimes, it can be disregarded as a management practice for improving green-cut tolerance. Instead, harvest date was found to have a strong influence on green-cut tolerance and sufficient time for relocation of carbohydrates needs to be allowed before a green cut is performed. This finding is crucial for the utilization of miscanthus biomass harvested green and also for the breeding of new varieties with improved green-cut tolerance. Breeding targets for optimized biogas varieties should include to increase the SMY and biomass yield and to widen the possible harvest window. Selecting genotypes that relocate carbohydrates to the rhizomes earlier would allow an earlier green harvest without yield decline the following year, but this may involve a trade-off with the SMY. The suitability of miscanthus for the utilization options assessed was found to be influenced by biomass composition, which in turn was affected by genotype and harvest date. Lignin content had a negative effect on biomass quality for biogas and bioethanol production and increased with later harvest dates. Hemicellulose had a positive effect on biomass quality for bioethanol production through the improvement of the saccharification potential. Low ash, potassium and chloride content enhanced biomass quality for combustion by increasing the ash melting temperatures and decreased with a delay in harvest to after winter. For the biogas and bioethanol utilization pathways, novel miscanthus varieties with low lignin content need to be developed, whereas for combustion varieties with a high lignin content are more favourable. The Life Cycle Assessment revealed that the use of miscanthus has a high potential to reduce the environmental impacts of biogas crop production and thus the biogas sector. Miscanthus had a more favourable performance than the annual biogas crop maize in each impact category considered and the highest reduction potential compared to the fossil reference in the impact categories climate change, fossil fuel depletion and marine eutrophication. The choice of biomass utilization pathway had a considerable effect on the energy yield per unit area, with combustion showing the overall highest energy yield potential for electricity production. However, for the combustion pathway, miscanthus is generally harvested after winter and this is accompanied by biomass yield losses of 35% compared to peak yield. In the biogas pathway, miscanthus can be harvested close to peak yield, leading to an only 10% lower energy yield than that of combustion. When considering the use of miscanthus for biofuel production, the highest area efficiency was found for the direct use of biomethane, followed by battery electric vehicles fuelled by electricity from biomass combustion, and the lowest for the direct use of bioethanol. However, the low conversion efficiency of bioethanol production did not consider energy generation from by-products. In this thesis it was determined that the green-cut tolerance of miscanthus is influenced by the carbohydrate relocation to the rhizomes and thus by harvest date. Miscanthus harvested in October shows a high potential as feedstock for biogas production due to its high yield and sufficient digestibility, can help improve the biogas sector’s environmental performance and contribute to an increase in greenhouse gas mitigation. The digestibility of miscanthus biomass for biogas production could be improved by breeding and selecting genotypes with low lignin contents and by applying suitable pretreatment methods. Increased digestibility could also help to overcome potential trade-offs between early carbohydrate relocation and SMY. The efficiency of biomass utilization greatly depends on the utilization option, with a high efficiency being identified for biomethane as a transportation fuel and for peak-load power generation. It was shown that miscanthus is a suitable crop for the provision of sustainably produced biomass as a feedstock for the growing European bioeconomy that provides additional ecosystem services, e.g. groundwater and surface water protection.