Browsing by Subject "Heterocyclische Verbindungen"

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Influence of microwave irradiation and ionic liquids on multi component reactions
(2013) Mert-Balci, Fadime; Beifuss, Uwe
The present thesis focuses on the influence of microwave irradiation and ionic liquids on the outcome of two well-known three component reactions, the Groebke reaction and the Povarov reaction. The first part of the thesis deals with the influence of microwaves and ionic liquids on the Groebke reaction. The reaction of 2-aminopyridines with aldehydes and isocyanides using montmorillonite as a catalyst in toluene under microwave conditions at 160°C delivers the corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines within only seven minutes with yields ranging from 16 to 98%. The organic solvent can be replaced by ionic liquids like imidazolium and guanidinium salts. With guanidinium salts, it is possible to perform the Groebke reaction in the absence of any other catalyst and solvent under microwave conditions. The second part of this work is about the extension of the scope of typical Groebke reactions by replacing the aldehyde component with a bifunctional 2-carboxybenzaldehyde. The reaction of 2-aminopyridines with isocyanides and 2-carboxybenzaldehydes with 20 mol% methanesulfonic acid as a catalyst in toluene under microwave conditions at 160°C affords the corresponding pyrido[2?,1?:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]isoquinolin-5(6H)-ones with yields ranging between 35 and 68%. The new method can easily be performed, is robust, and highly efficient. The third part of the thesis is focused on the intermolecular Povarov reaction. Using the reaction between aniline, benzaldehyde, and 2,3-dihydrofuran as a model reaction, the influence of ionic liquids, such as imidazolium and guanidinium salts, and microwaves on the outcome of the Povarov reaction was evaluated. It was established that the model reaction can be promoted by imidazolium salts like [bmim]BF4 under thermal as well as under microwave conditions. The reaction temperature has a strong impact on the chemical yield and the diastereoselectivity of the model reaction. At lower temperatures the formation of the endo-isomer is favored. However, the influence of microwave irradiation on yield and selectivity is not very pronounced. The Povarov reaction can also be promoted by a great number of guanidinium salts. Reactions that were performed under thermal conditions in a sealed vial demonstrated that both the chemical yield and the diastereoselectivity of the reaction are strongly influenced by a) the structure of the guanidinium ion and the nature of the anion of the guanidinium salt, and b) the concentration of the guanidinium salt. Remarkably, the Povarov can also be performed successfully in the presence of only catalytic amounts of a guanidinium salt. Finally, it was demonstrated that the guanidinium salts can be recycled and reused several times without loss of reactivity.
Neuartige Kupfer-katalysierte und übergangsmetallfreie Methoden zum Aufbau von Heterocyclen
(2022) Rekowski, Szymon; Beifuss, Uwe
Heterocycles are the backbones of numerous drugs and are therefore of great importance in medicinal chemistry. As a result, there is an inevitably high demand for methods to synthesize heterocycles. The requirements for new methods for the synthesis of heterocycles are nowadays very high, as they must not only be efficient and selective, but also sustainable. These prerequisites can be met by both transition metal-free and transition metal-catalyzed reactions. Thus, the transition metal-free preparation of a variety of different heterocycles can be achieved by radical, cationic and anionic cyclizations as well as by pericyclic reactions. Recently, the importance of electrochemical and photochemical methods in heterocyclic synthesis has been increasing very rapidly. In transition metal-catalyzed heterocycle synthesis, Pd- and Cu-catalysts in particular play a prominent role. For the Pd-catalyzed assembly of N-heterocycles, the intramolecular Buchwald-Hartwig amination is especially noteworthy. It is now known that many Pd-catalyzed reactions can also be carried out with Cu-catalysts. In view of the fact that Cu-catalysts are much cheaper due to the higher abundance of Cu, and that expensive ligands can usually be omitted to carry out Cu-catalyzed reactions, their enormous importance in heterocyclic synthesis is easy to understand. For example, many N-heterocycles can be prepared by intramolecular Ullmann reactions with excellent yields and high selectivities. Here, bisfunctionalized substrates with two centers of different reactivity play a major role. The aim of the present work was to develop new efficient and highly selective synthetic methods for the construction of relevant N- or O-heterocycles. In particular, Cu-catalyzed reactions with bisfunctionalized substrates were to be developed. The investigation included determining whether the corresponding reactions can also be carried out in the absence of transition metal catalysts. Benzodioxines and 2,3-dihydrobenzodioxines exhibit many interesting biological properties, but the possibilities available nowadays for their synthesis are limited. Therefore, the first part of this dissertation deals with the development of a new method for the diastereospecific construction of (Z)-2-arylidene-2,3-dihydrobenzodioxines (Z)-80 (Scheme 50) by reacting 3-aryl-substituted (Z)-1,2-dibromoarylpropenes (Z)-82 with catechols 83. While the model substrate (Z)-82a (R1 = Ph) can be prepared by reduction and subsequent bromination of a-bromocinnamaldehyde, the remaining substrates (Z)-82 were prepared in three steps from the corresponding benzaldehydes. Subsequent optimization of the model reaction under a wide variety of reaction conditions showed that the best results could be obtained under transition metal-free conditions. The highest yield of (Z)-80a was obtained when 1 equivalent of (Z)-82a (R1 = Ph, R2 = H) was reacted with two equivalents of 83a (R2 = H) in the presence of four equivalents of Cs2CO3 in DMF for 18 h at 140 °C. Remarkably, this transition metal-free domino reaction, which consists of an intermolecular O-allylation followed by an intramolecular O-vinylation, is highly diastereospecific: the use of (Z)-1,2-dibromo-3-phenyl-2-propene [(Z)-82a] exclusively delivers (Z)-2-benzylidene-2,3-dihydrobenzodioxines [(Z)-80a]. This high diastereospecifity was also observed in the reactions of all other substrates (Z)-82. The 2-arylidene-2,3-dihydrobenzodioxins (Z)-80 were obtained in yields up to 89%. This method tolerates different substituents on the aromatic moiety of (Z)-82 as well as different disubstituted catechols 83. DFT calculations conducted in collaboration with Prof. Bharatham, NIPER Nagar (Mohali), suggest that the intramolecular O-vinylation proceeds via an alkene intermediate rather than an alkyne intermediate. The diastereoselective conversion of the E-configured substrate (E)-82a (R1 = Ph) to the corresponding (E)-2-benzylidene-2,3-dihydrobenzodioxine [(E)-80a] supports this assumption. The second part of this work is devoted to the intramolecular Cu(I)-catalyzed cyclization of o-haloarylideneguanylhydrazone salts (E)-86 for the direct construction of N-1 unsubstituted 1H-indazoles 84 (Scheme 51). The synthesis of indazoles of this type is of particular interest to medicinal chemistry because they form the backbone of some important anticancer drugs. Substrates (E)-86 were prepared by condensation of o-halobenzaldehydes with aminoguanidine hydrochloride in yields up to 90%. Subsequent cyclization using 10 mol% CuI, 30 mol% DMEDA and 0.5 equivalents of Cs2CO3 afforded the 1H-indazoles 84 in yields up to 75%. The reactions were carried out at 120 °C in DMF for 5 h in a sealed glass tube. The method tolerated a full range of substituents on the aromatic moiety of the substrates. Based on DFT calculations done in collaboration with Prof. Bharatham, NIPER Nagar (Mohali), it is reasonable to assume that E/Z isomerization of substrate 86 occurs first, followed by metal complexation with subsequent C,N bond formation. The final hydrolysis of the 1H-indazole-1-carboximidamide yields the N-1 unsubstituted 1H-indazole 84.