Browsing by Subject "Induzierte Resistenz"

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Mechanismen der Resistenzinduktion nach Blattbehandlungen mit Phosphaten
(2002) Orober, Miroslav; Buchenauer, Heinrich
In this study the induction of resistance against plant diseases following foliar application of phosphates was investigated. The early biochemical responses of the resistance activation by phosphates have been compared with other forms of induction of SAR such as the biotic induction with pathogens and treatment with synthetic plant defense activators. In cucumber plants foliar applications of phosphates lead to increased local and systemic acquired resistance against fungal pathogens such as Colletotrichum lagenarium, Sphaerotheca fuliginea and Pseudoperonospora cubensis. In tobacco foliar phosphate application enhanced resistance against TMV. For successful induction of SAR the occurrence of chlorotic/necrotic lesions on the phosphate treated inducer leaves was necessary. These reactions were accompanied by the occurrence of localized cell death, which was preceded by the generation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. Enhanced lipid peroxidation was observed in the treated leaves. Local phosphate treatments induced an increase of the concentrations of free and bound salicylic acid in the treated and distal leaves. Experiments with transgenic nahG-tobacco plants showed that the expression of SAR by phosphate treatments and TNV-inoculation was strictly dependent on the accumulation of salicylic acid. The activities of characteristic defense-related enzymes like peroxidases and polyphenoloxidases were highly increased in treated and in the distal leaves, respectively. In this study it could be shown that treatments with necrotizing chemicals such as phosphates cause similar cellular reactions as observed after biotic induction with pathogens which resulted in expression of SAR. Therefore it can be assumed that foliar phosphate treatments imitate the biotic induction of systemic acquired resistance.
Pathogenitätsfaktoren und induzierte Resistenz in der Interaktion von Orobanche ramosa L. und Nicotiana tabacum L.
(2005) Gonsior, Guido; Sauerborn, Joachim
Parasitic weeds of the genus Orobanche, cause severe damage to vegetables, legumes and sunflower in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Recently there is evidence for increasing occurrence of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) in rape and tobacco cultivars in France and Germany. This research concerns on biology and pathogenicity of O. ramosa with special focus on the interactions with the host plant. In addition mechanisms of induced resistance of the host plant against the parasite were considered. The results showed genetic differences between the populations of O. ramosa in Germany, which partially parasitize different hosts. As possible factors of pathogenicity the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and a high peroxidase activity together with a high antioxidative capacity caused by the phenylpropanoids Verbascosid and Oraposid were identified. The control of branched broomrape was possible by application of agents, which are described to induce disease resistance. Control of branched broomrape could be based on systemic acquired resistance (SAR) as well as on induced systemic resistance (ISR). As defense mechanisms in tobacco roots against O. ramosa the biosynthesis of the hydroxycoumarin scopoletin and a significant increase of soluble and bound phenolics was discussed. This is underlined by a high activity and an increased expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) the key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Beside phytoalexin production we recognized an increased activity of peroxidases in Orobanche ramosa infected tobacco roots. Further it could be shown that the plant hormone Ethylene as well as the regulation of the sugar metabolism have importance for the resistance of the host plant.