Browsing by Subject "Kastration"

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Effects of immunological castration on the regulation of metabolism in boars
(2010) Bauer, Aneka; Claus, Rolf
Compared to surgical castrates, boars have a superior anabolic potential due to gonadal steroids, i.e. androgens and oestrogens. In consequence, they have an improved fattening performance and lean fat ratio in the carcass. However, most male piglets are surgically castrated without anaesthesia within the first week of life to avoid the unpleasant urine-like boar taint which is not acceptable to many consumers. Boar taint is mainly caused by androstenone which is synthesized in the testes together with the gonadal steroids. Skatole is another compound which contributes to the off odour. But this substance has a faecal smell and can be controlled by feeding strategies. Castration without anaesthesia is now regarded to cause acute pain and stress to the piglets, so that surgical castration is no longer tolerated due to animal welfare considerations. Different alternatives are discussed but it appears that active immunization against the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is the most practicable alternative to surgical castration. It is based on application of a commercial antigen (Improvac®) two times at an interval of 4 weeks. The second vaccination then leads to a high antibody formation and to a blockade of GnRH and thus luteinizing hormone (LH). In turn, the testicular biosynthesis of anabolic hormones as well as androstenone is inhibited. Several studies found that immunized boars still had a better performance than surgical castrates. One explanation is that immunized boars maintain part of their anabolic potential before the second vaccination and thus the onset of antibody formation. Therefore, an exact time schedule for immunization is required to optimize the fattening period without risk of tainted carcasses at slaughter. Another explanation may be that high growth hormone (GH) concentrations are maintained in immunized boars at a boar specific level. In addition to low GH, barrows also have low concentrations of the anabolic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The present four studies were performed to investigate the hormonal and metabolic reactions before and after the second vaccination and to clarify why high GH concentrations are maintained. The cause for elevated GH levels in immunized boars could not be identified in the present studies. Nevertheless, results allow an exact timing of the vaccinations and thus an optimal use of the anabolic potential of immunized boars without the risk of tainted carcasses at slaughter. A further improvement of the fattening performance may be realized by feeding strategies and their influence on IGF-I.
Exogenous influences on skatole formation in the pig
(2015) Wesoly, Raffael; Weiler, Ulrike
Castration of male piglets without anesthesia and analgesia has been an ancient and traditional practice in several European countries to prevent problems with boar taint. The commencement of the National Protection of Animals Act on 13th July 2013 intends to end castration without anesthesia in Germany by 2019. In Europe, the goal is to end castration of piglets by raising entire male pigs only from 2018 onwards. This, however, is a challenge for the entire supply chain of the pig production industry, since sufficient consumer protection from tainted boar meat cannot be guaranteed so far. Off-odors in boar meat are caused by the testicular steroid androstenone and the tryptophane metabolite skatole. Exogenous and endogenous factors which favor the formation of both boar taint substances, but especially of skatole, have so far been only partially identified. Thus the aim of the present thesis was to determine exogenous influences on skatole formation and deduce measures to reduce the amount of tainted carcasses. In the first part of the thesis (Chapter 3), the current state of research on the impact of feeding strategies on skatole physiology was summarized. The mechanisms of different feeding strategies and feed additives were described in their effect on formation, metabolism and fat deposition of skatole. Based on a deduced formation cascade of skatole, different feeding strategies aiming to reduce skatole can be evaluated in a simplified manner. It could be shown that promising feeding strategies to reduce skatole have to be effective on more than one level of the formation cascade at the same time. In the second part of this thesis (Chapter 4), the reasons for varying androstenone and skatole concentrations found at slaughter plants in animals from the same origin were investigated. In order to identify the reasons leading to said differences, a study with 169 boars from three different farms was conducted. Each farm delivered animals, split into two groups, to two different slaughter plants with a time interval of one day. The duration of transport as well as the duration of pre-unloading and the time spent on the vehicle before unloading were recorded. During the slaughter process, samples of blood, feces and urine were collected for hormone analysis. Carcasses were scored visually for lesions in cold storage after slaughter, and adipose tissue was removed for boar taint analysis. Even in animals of the same origin, the same genotype as well as the same feeding regimen, significant differences in androstenone and skatole concentrations in fat could be measured, which could be traced back to the different transport and pre-unloading times. In contrast to androstenone, skatole in the fat of the animals was influenced predominately by the pre-unloading time and increased by more than 20 ng/g with every hour of pre-unloading time. In addition, animals with higher lesion scores had higher skatole concentrations in fat. Transport time, on the other hand, had an effect on androstenone concentrations in fat, which increased by about 0.1 µg/g per hour transport. Skatole concentrations, however, were only slightly affected by transport time. Positive correlations could be found between cortisol and testosterone in various substrates with deposition of boar taint substances in fat. However, further research is required to clarify the mechanisms of these effects in detail. Minimizing transport and pre-unloading times before the slaughter process, however, seems mandatory to reduce the amount of tainted carcasses. The third part of this thesis (Chapter 5) investigated the impact of management factors on variability of skatole concentrations in blood and fat. Modern breeding companies take fat biopsy samples to estimate the breeding value for the trait boar taint in AI boars. However, it is not yet known to which extent repeated biopsies or different sampling locations may themselves affect skatole levels. Furthermore, the influence skin contamination of animals and of transdermal skatole diffusion have been matters of heated discussion for decades. The published results, however, are in part contradictory and it is not clear to which extent skatole can diffuse through the skin and to which degree this source may contribute to the concentrations in the carcass. As a consequence, the clarification of these complex relationships was the subject of the third study. The results show that skatole concentrations reveal a low variability in samples from the dorsal part of the carcass, although 20% higher concentrations were measured in the ventral area. The transdermal diffusion of skatole was confirmed in this study, but it was also shown that this diffusion is local and that skatole levels of the carcass in general were not increased. Repeated biopsies under total anesthesia temporarily increased skatole levels in blood and were accompanied by a similar course of cortisol concentrations in blood. Punch biopsies in conscious animals had no effect on the course of skatole or cortisol in blood. The present thesis illustrates that, besides nutrition, stress is an important factor for off-odors in boar carcasses. The results from the experimental studies suggest that an improvement of animal welfare can reduce the risk of off-odor in entire male pig production and thus contribute to consumer protection. However, the results also show that any success of the farmer in the reduction of boar taint can be partially undone on the way to slaughter.
Immunocastration of male pigs
(2020) Kress, Kevin Benjamin; Stefanski, Volker
In Europe, male piglets have been surgically castrated for centuries in order to avoid boar-tainted carcasses and to eliminate boar-specific aggressive and sexual behavior. Surgical castration of male piglets is still legal within the European Union during the first week of life, even without anaesthesia or analgesia. These circumstances have led to increasing societal criticism, as the castration is painful and violates the physical integrity of the animals. In 2010, European stakeholders of the pork chain committed themselves voluntarily to ending surgical castration from 2018 onwards, but at present, more than 2 years later, the majority of male piglets are still castrated surgically without adequate pain relief. Immunocastration is one alternative to surgical castration or pork production with boars. Although this technique is approved for commercial use in Europe since 2009, the market shares of immunocastrates within the European pork market are very low. The main reasons for this low market acceptance are uncertainties whether immunocastration is reliable, competitive and accepted along the pork chain. The main objective of the present doctoral thesis was therefore to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of immunocastration with regard to the three pillars of sustainability aspects. The various sustainability aspects of immunocastration were summarized and reviewed. In addition, the effects of different housing conditions on the reliability of immunocastration were experimentally tested, as was the impact of housing conditions and sex group on the growth performance of male pigs. Finally, the consequences of pork production with immunocastrates and boars on the profitability of German pig production were analyzed with a simulation model using different carcass pricing systems for immunocastrates and risk scenarios for boar taint. Immunocastration is an active immunization against GnRH and consists of two consecutive vaccinations to induce antibodies which temporarily suppress testicular functions and prevent boar taint. It is a method which ensures both a high product quality and a high level of animal welfare. The impact of immunocastration on the three pillars of sustainability has been studied extensively, although a contemporary global overview of its different aspects has been missing. Performance results in immunocastrates are better than in barrows, but worse than in boars. The environmental impact of pork production with immunocastrates is lower than with barrows, but higher than with boars. The level of aggression is considerably lower in immunocastrates compared to boars. Societal concerns are mainly related to food safety, and are not supported by scientific evidence. After the second vaccination, immunocastrates switch physiologically from a boar-like to a barrow-like status. Therefore, the timing of the second vaccination is a fine-tuning tool to balance advantages of boars with their environmental and economic benefits against the increased risk of welfare problems and boar taint. Nevertheless, both the synergic and the conflicting relationships between the pillars of sustainability must be communicated along the value chain to produce tailored pork products. The present doctoral thesis shows that immunocastration can balance the advantages and disadvantages of pork production with boars or barrows, and thus serve as a sustainable alternative for the European pork chain. If used correctly, immunocastration is reliable in preventing boar taint and can be economically competitive with traditional surgical castration. Based on this thesis, future studies might investigate quality assurance systems that reliably detect non-responders, or animals that are incorrectly vaccinated, before slaughter or at slaughter line. In addition, the economic impact of switching from traditional pork production with barrows to pork production with immunocastrates along the entire pork chain should be further analyzed.