Browsing by Subject "Kohlenstoffkreislauf"

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Biochar amendment for C sequestration in a temperate agroecosystem : implications for microbial C- and N-cycling
(2018) Bamminger, Chris; Kandeler, Ellen
Climate warming will have great impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Different soil properties such as temperature and moisture will be altered, thereby influencing C- and N-cycles, microbial activity as well as plant growth. This may contribute to the observed increase in soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under climate change. Therefore, new options are needed to mitigate theses projected consequences. Biochar is primarily suggested to be effective in long-term C sequestration in agricultural soils due to its long-term stability. In addition, it could be applied to improve various soil properties, plant growth and to reduce soil GHG emissions. To date, knowledge about such beneficial biochar effects in soil under predicted warming climate is extremely scarce. In the first study, a slow-pyrolysis biochar from Miscanthus x giganteus feedstock (600 °C, 30 Min.) was incubated for short time (37d) under controlled laboratory conditions in agricultural soil in the presence of earthworms and N-rich litter (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.). Biochar increased microbial abundances and the fungal-to-bacterial PLFA ratio after 37 days in arable soil applied with litter suggesting improved living conditions for microorganisms with biochar. Fungi may benefit most from newly created habitats due to colonizable biochar pores and surfaces. Additionally, fungi could have also mineralized small amounts of recalcitrant biochar-C during plant litter decomposition. Without litter, biochar led to interactions between earthworms and soil microorganisms resulting in enhanced bacterial and fungal abundances. This indicates better growth habitats for soil microbes in earthworm casts containing biochar. Soil respiration and metabolic quotients (qCO2) and N2O emissions (in litter treatments) were decreased after biochar application suggesting a more efficient microbial community and underscoring the GHG mitigation potential of the used biochar. The field experiment, investigated in the second and third study, focused on the stability and long-term soil C sequestration potential of comparable Miscanthus biochar (850 °C, 30 Min.). Related effects on soil GHG emissions, physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties as well as plant growth were determined in an agroecosystem at year-round elevated soil temperature (+2.5 °C, since 2008). The second study investigated the short-term effects of biochar on microbial abundances and growth of winter rapeseed during the first year after field application to a warmed temperate arable soil. It was found that fungal biomass and the fungal-to-bacterial ratio were increased in the warmed biochar plots only after three months in the presence of spring barley litter from the previous growing season. The disappearance of this effect points to an overall high stability of the investigated biochar. Moreover, biochar proved to be effective in mitigating negative effects of seasonal dryness on microbial abundances and early plant growth in the dry spring period in 2014. However, biochar had no effect on final aboveground biomass of winter rapeseed at harvest in the first growing season. As shown in the third study, after two vegetation periods of winter rapeseed and spring wheat, the assumption that plant productivity in already fertile temperate arable soils is unlikely to be further enhanced with biochar amendment, was confirmed. Total CO2 emissions after two years were not reduced by biochar and remained unchanged even under warming suggesting a high degradation stability of the used biochar. N2O emissions were increased in biochar-amended soil at elevated soil temperature, presumably due to enhanced water and fertilizer retention with biochar. By using the global warming potential (GWP100) of total soil GHG emissions, the storage of biochar-C in soil was estimated to compensate warming-induced elevated soil GHG emissions for 20 years. To conclude, this thesis revealed that biochar may have only minor influence on soil microorganisms and crop growth in temperate, fertile arable field soils. However, it was shown that biochar could be a valuable tool for C sequestration in temperate arable soils, thus potentially offsetting a warming-induced increase in GHG emissions. In order to face climate change impacts, more long-term studies on microbiological effects and the C sequestration potential of biochar in cultivated soil under warming are urgently needed.
Biological regulation of subsoil C-cycling
(2019) Preußer, Sebastian; Kandeler, Ellen
Soils are the largest terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon (OC). Substantial proportions of the stored OC are found in stabilized form in deeper soil layers. Beside the quality and quantity of C input from plant biomass, C storage in soil is primarily controlled by the microbial decomposition capacity. Various physical, chemical and biological factors (e.g., substrate availability, temperature, water content, pH, texture) vary within soil profiles and directly or indirectly influence the abundance, composition and activity of microbial communities and thus the microbial C turnover. While soil microbiological research has so far focused mainly on processes in topsoil, the mechanisms of C storage and turnover in subsoil are largely unknown. The objective of the present thesis was therefore to investigate the specific influence of substrate availability and different environmental factors as well as their interactions on microbial communities and their regulatory function in subsoil C-cycling. This objective was addressed in three studies. In the first and second study, one-year field experiments were established in which microbial communities from different soil depths were exposed to altered habitat conditions to identify crucial factors influencing the spatial and temporal development of microbial abundance and substrate utilization within soil profiles. This was achieved by reciprocal translocation of soils between subsoil horizons (first study) and topsoil and subsoil horizons (second study) in combination with addition of 13C-labelled substrates and different sampling dates. In the third study, a flow cascade experiment with soil columns from topsoil and subsoil horizons and soil minerals (goethite) coated with 13C-labelled organic matter (OM) was established. This laboratory experiment investigated the importance of exchange processes of OM with reactive soil minerals for the quality and quantity of dissolved OM and the influence of these soil micro-habitats on microbial abundance and community composition with increasing soil depth. In the first study, the reciprocal translocation of subsoils from different soil depths revealed that due to comparable micro-climatic conditions and soil textures within the subsoil profile, no changes in microbial biomass, community composition and activity occurred. Moreover, increasing microbial substrate utilization in relation to the quantity of added substrate indicated that deep soil layers exhibit high potential for microbial C turnover. However, this potential was constrained by low soil moisture in interplay with the coarse soil texture and the resulting micro-scale fragmentation of the subsoil environment. The bacterial substrate utilization was more affected by this spatial separation between microorganisms and potentially available substrate than that of fungi, which was further confirmed by the translocation experiment with topsoil and subsoil in the second study. While the absolute substrate utilization capacity of bacteria decreased from the more moist topsoil to the drier subsoil, fungi were able to increase their substrate utilization and thus to partially compensate the decrease in C input from other sources. Furthermore, the addition of root litter as a preferential C source of fungal decomposer communities led to a pronounced fungal growth in subsoil. The third study demonstrated the high importance of reactive soil minerals both in topsoil and in subsoil for microbial growth due to extensive exchange processes of OM and the associated high availability of labile C. In particular copiotrophic bacteria such as Betaproteobacteria benefited from the increased C availability under non-limiting water conditions leading to a pronounced increase in bacterial dominance in the microbial communities of these soil micro-habitats. In conclusion, this thesis showed that subsoil exhibits great potential for both bacterial and fungal C turnover, albeit this potential is limited by various factors. This thesis, however, allowed to determine the specific effects of these factors on bacteria and fungi and their function in subsoil C-cycling and thus to identify those factors of critical importance. The micro-climate in subsoil, in particular soil moisture, was the primary factor limiting bacterial growth and activity, whereas fungi were more strongly restricted by substrate limitations.
Effects of resource availability and quality on soil microorganisms and their carbon assimilation
(2014) Kramer, Susanne; Kandeler, Ellen
Soil microorganisms play a pivotal role in decomposition processes and therefore influence nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. Availability and quality of resources determines activity, growth and identity of substrate users. In agricultural systems, availability of resources is dependent on, for example, crop type, management, season, and depth. At depth substrate availability and microbial biomass decrease. However, there remain gaps in our understanding of C turnover in subsoil and how processes in the topsoil may influence abundance, activity, and function of microorganisms in deeper soil layers. With respect to substrate quality it is thought that bacteria are the dominant users of high quality substrates and more labile components whereas fungi are more important for the degradation of low quality and more recalcitrant substrates (i.e. cellulose, lignin). Therefore, this thesis was designed to increase our understanding of C turnover and the influence of both availability and quality of substrates on microorganisms in an agricultural soil. In the first and second studies, a recently established C3-C4 plant exchange field experiment was used to investigate the C flow from belowground (root) and aboveground (shoot litter) resources into the belowground food web. Maize plants were cultivated to introduce a C4 signal into the soil both by plant growth (belowground / root channel) and also by applying shoot litter (aboveground litter channel). To separate C flow from the shoot litter versus the root channel, maize litter was applied on wheat cultivated plots, while on half of the maize planted plots no maize litter was returned. Wheat cultivated plots without additional maize litter application served as a reference for the calculation of incorporated maize-C into different soil pools. Soil samplings took place in two consecutive years in summer, autumn and winter. Three depths were considered (0-10 cm: topsoil, 40-50 cm: rooted zone beneath the plough layer, 60-70 cm: unrooted zone). In the third study a microcosm experiment with substrates of different recalcitrance and complexity was carried out to identify primary decomposers of different plant litter materials (leaves and roots) during early stages of decomposition (duration of 32 days) and to follow the C flow into the next higher trophic level (protozoa).
Fate of microbial carbon derived from biogas residues applied to arable soil
(2015) Coban, Halil; Kandeler, Ellen
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the major determinant of soil fertility as it has a number of positive impacts such as improving soil physical parameters, providing nutrients for crops, and supplying energy for the microbial biomass activity in soil. Loss of organic matter is a soil threat observed worldwide. Also, bioenergy crop cultivation may accelerate SOM loss due to higher biomass harvesting compared to food crops. It is necessary to supply adequate organic matter input to arable soils in order to maintain sustainable food and biofuel production. Biogas residues (BGRs), the side-products of biogas production, are rich in microbial and plant biomass; they thus can be used as a soil conditioner and contribute to replenishing the carbon (C) pool in soil. However, our knowledge on the contribution of BGRs particularly the microbial residues present in it to SOM formation is limited, even though scientific interest on SOM formation via microbial inputs is growing. Therefore, the objective of this thesis were i) developing an approach to label microbial biomass of biogas residues, ii) tracing the fate of labelled BGRs in arable soil, iii) determining the C flux within microbial food web, and iv) determining the impacts of other soil conditioners on the mineralization of BGRs. In the first study a method was developed to label the autotrophic microorganisms in a biogas reactor using KH13CO3-amended cow manure as substrate. Analyses of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and ether lipids confirmed the successful labelling of microorganisms, especially Gram-positive bacteria and methanogenic archaea. After removal of unused labelled carbonates by an acid fumigation approach, the labelled BGRs were incubated in soil for 378 days. The fate of 13C was traced in CO2 and in bulk soil with a mass balance having 93% mean recovery. Results showed that about 40% of the C derived from BGRs was rapidly mineralized within the first seven days, and mineralization reached 65% at the end of experiment. The data could be fitted to a two-pool exponential degradation model assuming two C pools each decaying exponentially. The proportions of readily degrading and stable C pools were determined to be 51% and 49%, respectively, with half-lives of 3 days and 1.9 years, respectively. The long half-life of the stable C pool in BGRs may indicate a mid-term contribution to SOM. In addition, the mineralization of SOM was enhanced by BGR-application, i.e. priming effects were detected, thus their extensive application should be avoided. A differential fatty acid approach was used in the second study for the separation of C input from BGRs to living biomass and non-living SOM. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) as indicators of living biomass were compared with total fatty acids (t-FA), which are found also in necromass. Using PLFA as biomarkers of specific microbial groups, C redistribution within the microbial food web was determined. Results showed that BGRs increased the microbial biomass in soil. The sum of 13C-labelled PLFA and t-FA decreased during incubation to 60% and to 33%, respectively. The level of enrichment was different for the individual PLFA and indicated that Gram-negative bacteria were predating on Gram-positive bacteria. A contribution of ether lipids was also detected indicating C flow from decaying methanogens. This study confirmed that microbial biomass in BGRs applied to arable soil significantly contributes to SOM formation. After determining the fate of microbial C derived from BGRs in arable soil, the impacts of other soil conditioners on the mineralization of BGRs were tested in the third study. For this, labelled BGRs were incubated in soil both alone and together with compost, biochar and untreated manure. The amount of C mineralized to CO2 and the degradation rate constant of stable C pool were not affected by any of the co-amendments. However, manure resulted in a higher mineralization rate constant of the readily degrading C pool. C flow within microbial food web was from Gram-positive bacteria and methanogenic archaea to mainly Gram-negative bacteria and slightly to fungi in all treatments. This study showed that co-amending BGRs with other soil conditioners brings neither benefits nor harms in terms of the formation or the mineralization of soil organic matter. The proposed labelling approach using KH13CO3 may be useful for tracing the fate of BGRs. The enrichment in both bacteria and archaea were sufficient to be measured in an incubation experiment lasting for more than one year. However, there are disadvantages of the proposed approach such as presence of highly enriched residual carbonates. The fumigation method should be optimized for a complete removal of the highly labelled residual carbonates which will increase the precision of the overall approach.
Soil microbial assimilation and turnover of carbon depend on resource quality and availability
(2017) Müller, Karolin; Kandeler, Ellen
The decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC), which is predominantly performed by soil microorganisms, is an important process in global carbon (C) cycling. Despite the importance of microbial activity to the global C budget, the effects of resource quality and availability on soil microorganisms are little understood. Most of this plant-derived C enters the soil organic C pool via incorporation into soil microorganisms, but the subsequent fate of C is rarely reported. Therefore, soil microbial biogeochemistry is still highly uncertain in earth system models. The study presented in Chapter 5 used a field experiment established in 2009 to investigate C flow at three soil depths over five consecutive years after a C3 to C4 crop exchange. Root-derived C (belowground pathway) was introduced by the cropping of maize plants, whereas shoot-derived C (aboveground pathway) was introduced by application of shoot litter to the soil surface. The proportion of maize-derived C varied between the different soil pools with lower incorporation into SOC and EOC (extractable organic C) and higher incorporation ratios of maize C into microbial groups. Although root-C input was three times higher than shoot-C input, similar relative amounts of maize-C were found in microorganisms. Both root and shoot C were transferred to a depth of 70 cm. At all three depths, fungi utilized the provided maize C to a greater extent than did either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Fungal biomass was labeled with maize-C to 78% after the fifth vegetation period, indicating preferential utilization of litter-derived C by saprotrophic fungi. The second study investigated, in a microcosm experiment, the effects of decreasing resource quality on microorganisms during plant residue decomposition at the soil-litter interface. Reciprocal transplantation of labeled 13C and unlabeled 12C maize litter to the surface of soil cores allowed us to follow C transfer and subsequent C turnover from residues into microbial biomass of fundamental members (bacteria and fungi) of the detritivore food web during three stages of the litter decomposition process. Quality (i.e. age) of the maize litter influenced C incorporation into bacteria and fungi. Labile C from freshly introduced litter was incorporated by both groups of microorganisms, whereas saprotrophic fungi additionally used complex C in the intermediate stage of decomposition. Bacteria responded differentially to the introduced litter; either by turnover of litter C in their phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) over time, or by storage and/or reuse of previous microbially released C. Saprotrophic fungi, however, showed a distinct litter C turnover in the fungal PLFA. The mean residence time of C in the fungal biomass was 32 to 46 days; the same or shorter time than in bacterial PLFAs. In the third study, presented in Chapter 7, another field experiment was conducted to distinguish herbivore- from detritus-based food chain members over two consecutive years. Three treatments were established: maize as crop plant, maize shoot litter application, and fallow without C input. This provided root-derived C, shoot-derived C, and autochthonous organic matter, respectively, as the main C resource. The altered C supply due to plant removal had less severe effects on the micro-food web structure than expected. In the first growing season, nematode abundance under plant cultivation was similar to that under litter and fallow conditions. After the second harvest, the abundance of detritivore food chain members increased, reflecting the decomposition of root residues. Bacteria and fungi showed a marked resilience to changed C availability. Results of this experiment suggest considerable micro-food web resilience to altered C and nutrient availability, and indicate that organic matter from previous vegetation periods was successfully utilized to overcome C deprivation. In conclusion, this thesis provides new insights into microbially mediated decomposition processes at different time scales and at different soil depths. Stable isotope probing combined with biomarker analysis enabled us to study C fluxes between biotic and soil C pools to separate the contributions of bacteria and fungi to soil C cycling. These results can be used as a basis for an empirical model of C flow through the entire soil food web.
Towards a sustainable nutrient management in organic farming : closing the nutrient gap with recycled fertilizers from urban waste
(2022) Reimer, Marie; Möller, Kurt
Nutrient scarcity is one of the main challenges in arable organic farming. Yet, little is known about the current supply and need of nutrients on organic farms and even less about the nutrient sources utilized by organic farmers. However, most stakeholders within the organic sector agree that additional nutrients, preferably from recycled sources, such as urban waste materials, are needed. In this thesis, the current need and use of nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, S) in the organic farming systems was investigated by performing a meta-analysis of previous studies and two farm gate nutrient budget studies across Europe. Further, the effect of recycled fertilizers from urban waste, such as compost from household and green waste, human urine and sewage sludge on crop yield, nutrient balances, soil fertility, and risk of contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were examined. To this end, three long-term field trials using different recycled fertilizers were investigated and combined with results of a simulation using the soil-plant-atmosphere model DAISY. The results of this thesis show that the organic cropping system within Europe operates under nutrient limited conditions, which limits the yield potential and can cause soil nutrient depletion, especially of P. Farms that relied to a high extend (>60%) on biological nitrogen fixation for their N supply were particularly prone to the risk of soil P and K depletion. Further, 17% of external N inputs derived from the conventional livestock system, which is often considered contentious. Omitting these would further increase the nutrient gap. Therefore, changes to the contemporary practice are needed to ensure sustainability in the organic nutrient management. First, a better distribution of nutrients within the organic sector is needed. In particular, to avoid nutrient surpluses in one farm type (e.g., livestock or vegetable farms), while other farm types (e.g., arable farms) experience nutrient deficits. Further, due to N losses during processing the nutrient composition of organic fertilizers does not match the crops’ nutrient offtake. Digestates from biogas plant show the closest resemblance. However, to avoid nutrient imbalances an adequate use of external inputs that is tailored to the specific farm’s nutrient demands and reliance on biological N fixation is necessary. Increased awareness of tools like nutrient budgeting among farmers and advisors could facilitate achieving a more balanced nutrient management. Still, additional nutrients are needed to close the current nutrient gap and to substitute animal manures from conventional origin. Recycled fertilizers from urban waste represent a suitable nutrient source to this end. Sewage sludge and human urine performed similarly to cattle slurry with N recovery rates of about 0.5 – 0.6 and household waste compost had similar values to straw-rich animal manures with recovery rate of about 0.3. Nitrogen losses after field application ranged between 34-55% of the applied N amount, with nitrate leaching being the main loss pathway. Total N losses were slightly smaller for compost and cattle manure and were accompanied by a higher soil N accumulation of about 25% of applied N. Similar to the accumulation of soil N, compost also resulted in the highest soil C sequestration. Using cattle manures and sewage sludge showed a smaller effect, while cattle slurry did not cause a soil C increase. Most concerns related to the use of recycled fertilizers derive from the risk of contaminants, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Compost and sewage sludge fertilization can lead to a higher amount of PTEs in the soil. However, significant changes in crop PTE uptake were rare due to low PTE bioavailability. The risk to human health and soil environment associated with PTEs through recycled fertilizer application is therefore neglectable. Urban waste can also be refined by incineration or precipitation processes to ensure less contamination, yet this results in nutrient (e.g., N) and organic matter loss. An argument can therefore be made for the use of raw materials if they lie within the contamination threshold values. In conclusion, the organic nutrient management in Europe requires more external nutrient inputs. Recycled fertilizers from urban wastes are an adequate source in terms of yield effect and soil fertility to close the nutrient gap and to substitute animal manures from conventional origin. However, the infrastructure and availability of recycled fertilizers need to be improved and suitable policy making is needed to fulfil the whole potential of these nutrient sources by for example permitting fertilizers derived from human excreta or the strategical placement of biogas plants which recycle urban wastes.