Browsing by Subject "Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse"

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9

A direct test of socially desirable responding in contingent valuation interviews
(2011) Börger, Tobias
Can genetic engineering for the poor pay off? : an ex-ante evaluation of Golden Rice in India
(2006) Qaim, Matin; Sachdev, H. P. S.; Stein, Alexander J.
Genetic engineering (GE) in agriculture is a controversial topic in science and society at large. While some oppose genetically modified crops as proxy of an agricultural system they consider unsustainable and inequitable, the question remains whether GE can benefit the poor within the existing system and what needs to be done to deliver these benefits? Golden Rice has been genetically engineered to produce provitamin A. The technology is still in the testing phase, but, once released, it is expected to address one consequence of poverty ? vitamin A deficiency (VAD) ? and its health implications. Current interventions to combat VAD rely mainly on pharmaceutical supplementation, which is costly in the long run and only partially successful. We develop a methodology for ex-ante evaluation, taking into account the whole sequence of effects between the cultivation of the crop and its ultimate health impacts. In doing so we build on a comprehensive, nationally representative data set of household food consumption in India. Using a refined disability-adjusted life year (DALY) framework and detailed health data, this study shows for India that under optimistic assumptions this country?s annual burden of VAD of 2.3 million DALYs lost can be reduced by 59.4% hence 1.4 million healthy life years could be saved each year if Golden Rice would be consumed widely. In a low impact scenario, where Golden Rice is consumed less frequently and produces less provitamin A, the burden of VAD could be reduced by 8.8%. However, in both scenarios the cost per DALY saved through Golden Rice (US$ 3.06-19.40) is lower than the cost of current supplementation efforts, and it outperforms international cost-effectiveness thresholds. Golden Rice should therefore be considered seriously as a complementary intervention to fight VAD in rice-eating populations in the medium term.
Contingent valuation and money attitudes
(2015) Pelz, Sonna; Ahlheim, Michael
The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is one of the most frequently applied techniques to assess and monetise the benefits of environmental improvements. This survey-based method aims to elicit individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for enhanced environmental quality by means of hypothetical payment questions. Analysts interpret stated WTP as the monetary equivalent of the utility gain an individual expects to experience due to a specific environmental improvement. In spite of its frequent use, the validity of WTP statements is recurrently questioned and analysts have pointed to several sources of bias, such as a poor CVM survey design or certain characteristics of the respondents. This dissertation focuses on respondent characteristics which hitherto have not been examined, namely individuals’ attitudes towards spending money in general. The disposition of a person to spend money is expected to systematically affect and possibly bias stated WTP. While money attitudes have been extensively studied in psychological research, they have never been considered to be of influence in the context of environmental valuation. Given this lack of research, this dissertation investigates, theoretically and empirically, the role of money attitudes in CVM surveys.
Costs and benefits of ammonia and particulate matter emission abatement and interactions with greenhouse gas emissions in German agriculture
(2017) Wagner, Susanne; Zeddies, Jürgen
In the past decades, agricultural and particularly livestock production have increased with population growth and increasing demand for food, especially for livestock products, at global level. This trend is expected to continue in the coming decades and may even be fortified by an increasing demand for non-food biomass in an economy based on renewable biological resources. Agriculture influences also the state of the environment. Agriculture has been associated with expansion into natural ecosystems, adversely affecting biodiversity and has a large share in the global emissions of greenhouse gases and ammonia (NH3) and in the release and formation of primary and secondary fine particulate matter (PM2.5). NH3 emissions can lead to a loss of biodiversity in nitrogen-limited terrestrial ecosystems and can form secondary PM2.5 in the atmosphere. PM2.5 emissions may affect human health by causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and a reduction in life expectancy. As NH3 and PM emissions partly originate from the same production activities as greenhouse gases, interactions between NH3 and PM emission abatement and greenhouse gas emissions may exist. Emissions can be reduced by technical measures or by shifts towards a diet low in animal-based food products, because plant-based food products cause fewer emissions than animal-based food products. In Germany, agriculture contributes about 95% of the total NH3 emissions and 5% to primary PM2.5 and 8% to greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the environmental impacts and subsequent governmental regulations, there is a need to reduce emissions of NH3, PM2.5 and of greenhouse gas emissions significantly. The main objective of this thesis research was to increase the understanding of the full effects of NH3 and PM emission abatement in agriculture. Particularly, it aimed to quantify and compare farmers’ costs and society’s benefits of reducing NH3 and PM emissions in agriculture in Germany while considering interactions with greenhouse gas emissions and to identify cost-efficient NH3 and PM emission abatement measures. Both technical NH3 and PM emission abatement measures and a diet shift were examined with respect to the abatement costs and the benefits in terms of avoided damage costs of impacts on human health, terrestrial biodiversity and the climate. The analysis combined agricultural emission modelling and integrated environmental impact assessment, applying the impact-pathway approach, complemented by literature analysis. The abatement potentials ranged from 2 to 45% for NH3 emissions, from 0 to 38% for PM2.5 emissions and from 0to 49% for greenhouse gas emissions. The abatement potentials of a diet shift exceeded those of technical abatement measures. All air pollutant abatement measures affected greenhouse gases, in most cases synergistically. The average abatement costs ranged from 2.7 to 25.6 EUR per kilogramme NH3 reduced, from 7.5 to 31.2 EUR per kilogramme PM2.5 reduced and 0.01 to 0.03 EUR per kilogramme greenhouse gas emissions reduced. The average benefits were 24.5 EUR per kilogramme NH3 reduced and 68.3 EUR per kilogramme PM2.5 reduced. The benefits of reduced health damage costs were higher than those of reduced biodiversity loss, resulting in higher benefits of PM2.5 reduction. The benefits of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions were 0.09 EUR per kilogramme. In conclusion, synergies with greenhouse gas mitigation reduced the abatement costs per unit of emission type, increased the benefits and improved the cost-efficiency of air pollutant abatement measures. This finding indicates that air pollutant abatement and greenhouse gas mitigation should be analysed together and that environmental policy design should consider interactions. The abatement potentials of technical measures were limited and should be complemented by changes in food consumption patterns to meet politically agreed emission reduction targets. Besides emission reductions, diets with low consumption of animal-based food provided land for alternative uses such as food production, lignocellulosic biomass production or biodiversity conservation that have the potential to reduce pressure on land from increasing demand for food by a globally growing population or for lignocellulosic biomass in an economy based on renewable biological resources.
Equity and aggregation in environmental valuation
(2008) Lehr, Ulrike; Ahlheim, Michael
Environmental valuation studies aim at the assessment of the social benefits or the social costs caused by some change in environmental quality (in the broadest sense). The most popular field of application of environmental valuation studies is project appraisal where the benefits arising from some environmental project (measured in terms of people's willingness to pay for that project) are assessed and confronted with the costs of the project or with the benefits from some alternative project if a choice has to be made between different projects. A closer look at the results of empirical valuation studies shows that in many surveys a negative correlation between the number auf household members and the willingness to pay (WTP) stated by a household for a project can be observed. These results are rather puzzling because in larger households more people are going to benefit from an environmental improvement than in small households. A plausible explanation for these results is that household budgets are tighter for large households than for smaller households with the same household income. Therefore, large households must state a smaller WTP for a project than smaller households with the same income and the same preferences. This might have consequences for the allocation of public funds in all cases where the realization of a specific environmental project depends on the absolute value of the aggregate social benefits it generates. In order to calculate the social benefits typically the WTPs of the different households affected by that project are added up. In this aggregation process the members of larger households have a lower weight and, therefore, their WTP has a smaller impact on the decision if a certain project is realized or not. The reason for this violation of the principle of horizontal equity is that for the computation of the social benefits not individual but household WTPs are aggregated. In this paper we suggest to use household equivalence scales for the evaluation of WTP data in order to reduce this discrimination of the members of large families. We demonstrate the effects of equivalence scales on the results of environmental valuation surveys using an empirical study carried out in Eastern Germany.
Labour as a utility measure reconsidered
(2017) Pham, Van Dinh; Ahlheim, Michael; Frör, Oliver; Nguyen, Minh Duc; Rehl, Antonia; Siepmann, Ute
In Stated Preference studies for the appraisal of environmental projects in poor countries or regions it often turns out that the stated willingness to pay of people for environmental improvements, which is used as measure of individual welfare changes, is very low. This is often interpreted as the result of extremely tight budget constraints, which make it impossible that people express their true appreciation of an environmental project in terms of their willingness to pay for it. Therefore, it is sometimes suggested to use labour contributions instead of money as a numeraire to measure utility in such studies. In this paper we show theoretically and empirically that this suggestion is not compatible with the principles of welfare theory because of several inconsistencies. We also illustrate the validity of our arguments empirically based on the results of a Contingent Valuation study conducted in a rural area in northern Vietnam.
Potential impacts of iron biofortification in India
(2006) Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Stein, Alexander J.; Qaim, Matin; Meenakshi, J. V.; Nestel, Penelope; Sachdev, H. P. S.
Iron deficiency is a widespread nutritional problem in developing countries, causing impaired physical activity and cognitive development, as well as maternal mortality. Although food fortification and supplementation programmes have been effective in some countries, their overall success remains limited. Biofortification, that is, breeding crops for higher micronutrient content, is a relatively new approach. We propose a methodology for ex-ante impact assessment of iron biofortification, which builds on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and a large household data set. Our analysis of iron-rich rice and wheat in India indicates sizeable potential health benefits. The cost-effectiveness of iron biofortification compares favourably with other interventions.
Respondent incentives in contingent valuation : the role of reciprocity
(2011) Frör, Oliver; Ahlheim, Michael; Börger, Tobias
Zur Methodik entscheidungslogisch korrekter Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen der öffentlichen Hand
(2023) Mayer, Mark Alexander; Troßmann, Ernst
For the public sector, the principle of economic efficiency must be considered when making investment decisions. It has been shown that public investments affect a variety of objectives. In contrast to private decision makers, the public sector must not solely consider financial objectives. To comply with the principle of economic efficiency as an adequate basis for decision making, economic studies must take into account these diverse objectives of public investments. The published Guidelines, ordinances, and laws on economic analysis do not meet this requirement, nor do economic cost-benefit-analyses. To develop a decision-logical methodology for economic analysis a distinction is made between choice decisions that relate to alternative projects and program decisions that relate to alternative project bundles (programs). The financial objective is interpreted in a special way: it is seen as an opportunistic objective. Rather than an origin benefit, it represents the missing or additional benefit of a displaced or additional investment. This relationship is made explicit in investment program decisions. In choice decisions it must be estimated. A utility analytical approach is used to solve the decision problem on choice decisions. Therefore, nonfinancial objectives are processed directly, while the financial objective is processed by an isolated dynamic investment model. To enable a consistent consideration of temporally differentiated effects, a decision-logically design of a dynamic utility analysis was developed. To consider the financial objective, an investment model was chosen that adequately captures comprehensive effects of investment activity on the financial situation of the public decision making unit: the generalized market interest method according to Troßmann. First, it was made usable for public investments. Then the method was adapted, so it can use different reference points in time. This enables a differentiation of the planning period, which can be used to build appropriate models in the case of long-term investments. Because alternative approaches for integrating the financial and the nonfinancial objectives in one utility analysis are not acceptable, only an omni criterial dynamic utility analysis can be recommended for making public choice decisions. In its basic structure, linear programming models are used for public program decisions. The target function maximizes the utility indicator, which is created using a dynamic utility analysis. The constraints ensure that for all periods investment budgets are complied with. The model was designed to support decisions about the beginning of the project, which on the one hand better corresponds to the practice of medium-term budget planning and on the other hand significantly increases the possibilities in the composition of the optimal investment program even within tight financial budgets. Various implementation conditions require the use of a mixed integer planning model, for which it was shown that an optimal solution can be found after a short computation time even for very extensive models. All in all, this results in two decision-logical modelling proposals for investment decisions in the public sector, which were illustrated by a comprehensive case study. If cleverly combined, they can also be used to deal with the entire investment planning task in the public sector. Combining these well-known methods in business administration into a fundamentally new approach offers starting points for further research. The next step towards results, that are utilizable would be the integration of uncertainty.