Browsing by Subject "Mobilization"

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Phosphorus bioavailability of fertilizers recycled from sewage sludge and their suitability for organic crop production
(2020) Wollmann, Iris; Möller, Kurt
Phosphorus (P) nutrition of plants is a key production factor in agriculture. In an approach to recycle P from urban areas back to agriculture, technologies have been developed to produce mineral P fertilizers out of municipal sewage sludge. In this study, different P fertilizers recycled from sewage sludge have been investigated in pot and field experiments for their bioavailability to maize and several plant species of a crop rotation. It was also investigated, if bioavailability of recycled P fertilizers can be enhanced either by a soil inoculation with different bacteria strains that are efficient in P solubilizing, or by a cultivation of red clover in the crop rotation. As there is a lack of bioavailable P fertilizers in organic cropping systems, P fertilizers recycled from sewage sludge were evaluated for their suitability to be used in organic crop production. It has been shown that most of the investigated fertilizers recycled from sewage sludge have a higher P bioavailability than Phosphate Rock (PR). Fertilizer efficacy seems very dependent from specific production conditions which are decisive for the final product. Among the tested fertilizers, struvite (MgNH4PO4 . 6 H2O) was most efficient in increasing plant P offtake of maize (+ 27.5% in the field, and more than sixfold in a pot experiment, compared to the unfertilized control). Struvite and calcined sewage sludge ash (SSA) are efficient fertilizers at both acidic and neutral soil pH. Other fertilizers (e.g. untreated incineration ashes) have low solubility at soil with pH > 6, and thus, might be used on acidic soil only, or as raw material for fertilizer production. In the field experiment, the overall response to P fertilizer input was low, which probably can be attributed to a sufficient inherent P supply on the used site. An immobilization of fertilizer P over time could be shown in all experiments. Thus, recycled P fertilizers should be applied to responsive crops in the rotation. An improved P supply of maize could be shown when grown after red clover in the crop rotation. This might be attributed to a combination of different factors, such as a solubilization of sparingly soluble P forms in recycled fertilizers, following a drop in soil pH due to biological N2 fixation of clover. A recycling of P to maize via decomposed clover roots might in addition have contributed to an increased P supply of the subsequent maize. Despite this promising effect, P mobilization by clover cultivation was not sufficient to cover the entire P demand of maize. Thus, additional fertilizer P inputs to maize might still be necessary to ensure optimal plant growth on P deficient soils. With one exception, an application of different bacteria strains generally did not affect P supply of the plants. Applied bacteria seem very dependent on the environmental conditions. It is conceivable, that especially in organic systems, a soil application with external bacteria does not enhance the beneficial effects of a high microbial abundance and activity which often is already present in organic cropping systems. From an agronomic point of view, P fertilizers recycled from sewage sludge are better alternatives for organic crop production than PR. A recycling of nutrients generally fits well with basic organic principles. By introducing those fertilizers, the organic system could make a decisive contribution to the ongoing effort of closing the P cycle, and, once more, develop towards a farming system of the future.