Browsing by Subject "Natrium"

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Effect of sodium and potassium chloride supplementation in drinking water on performance of laying hens and broilers under high ambient temperature
(2008) Nguyen Van, Dai; Bessei, Werner
It is well known that water intake and maintenance of electrolyte balance play a vital role in the resistance of chicken to high temperature. It was hypothesis that voluntary water intake in response to heat stress may not be sufficient to prevent the reduction of performance in laying hens and broilers, and that stimulation of water intake through supplementation of electrolytes in drinking water may assist the birds to maintain high productivity under heat stress. The present study includes three experiments. Two experiments were carried out with laying hens in controlled ambient temperature conditions to study the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) supplementation in the drinking water on water intake, feed intake, egg quality, body temperature, body weight and productivity of laying hens under high temperature. The third experiment with broilers was conducted in tropical summer conditions of Viet Nam to find out whether supply NaCl and KCl in drinking water would improve productivity and carcass quality of broilers under tropical summer conditions and which concentration of both minerals should be used. The first experiment was conducted for three weeks (from 26 March to 16 April 2007) at the research station of Hohenheim University, Germany. A total of 48 Hisex hens (76 weeks old) were kept in individual laying cages in climatic chambers and were randomly allocated to three experimental groups of 16 hens each. These groups were given 0; 0.2 and 0.4 % KCl in the drinking water for seven consecutive days of heat stress. Before and after heat stress, birds were given normal drinking water. Water and feed were provided ad libitum. The birds were fed a layer diet containing 11.45 MJ/kg Metabolizable Energy, 16.97 % Crude Protein, 3.73% calcium, 0.62% phosphorus, 0.22% sodium and 0.33% chloride. The room temperature was constant at 21±1°C for 7 days, afterwards, it was cycled from 21±1°C to 34±1°C (from 9 to 22 o?clock) for 7 days, and then constant at 21±1°C for 7 days. Humidity was not controlled. 14-hours lighting schedule was maintained during the experiment. Water and feed intake, water: feed ratio, body weight, body temperature, egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness, egg deformation, egg shell strength, yolk colour and Haugh Unit (HU) were recorded. In the second experiment, effect of NaCl supplementation (0.2 and 0.4%) in drinking water on laying hens was tested under the same temperature program as in the first experiment. A total of 48 Hisex hens (80 weeks old) were used. The third experiment was carried out on the commercial chicken farm from 26 June to 14 August 2007 (49 days). A total of 240 21-day-old broiler chicks (Lohmann meat) were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups in a randomized block design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates of 16 chickens each. Both, NaCl and KCl, were supplemented from the beginning of the 4th to 7th weeks of age at 0.2% and 0.4% to drinking town water, and unsupplemented water was used as control. The birds were kept in an open sided poultry house on the rice hull litter. Temperature and humidity of the house were not controlled. Water and feed intake were measured weekly. Body temperature of 15 birds per treatment was measured at 23, 33 and 40 day of age. All birds was individually weighed on day of hatching and afterwards at weekly intervals up to 7 weeks of age. At 49 days of age, one male and one female bird from each replicate (a total of 30 birds) were slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics. The results showed that in laying hens, heat stress increased water intake, water to feed ratio, body temperature and eggshell defects. Feed intake, egg production and egg weight decreased tendentiously during heat stress. Body weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, egg deformation, yolk color and HU were not significantly affected by heat stress. Supplementation of KCl or NaCl in drinking water increased water intake and water: feed ratio. Only KCl supplementation maintained body weight, egg weight and egg production, and decreased eggshell defects. Feed intake, eggshell deformation, yolk color and HU were not significantly affected by either KCl or NaCl supplementation. The results showed that KCl supplementation through drinking water may be a means to maintain egg production and egg quality which are usually deteriorated when the temperature in the layer house increases while NaCl was less effective under these conditions. Supplementation of KCl or NaCl in drinking water enhanced water intake and water: feed ratio of broilers under tropical summer conditions. 0.4% NaCl supplementation in drinking water reduced body temperature, increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and decreased abdominal fat while feed intake was not affected by both NaCl and KCl supplementation. Therefore, 0.4% NaCl added in drinking water may be a means to improve productivity of broiler under high temperature. 0.4% KCl supplementation increased thigh meat, and improved FCR. However, carcass percentage was reduced by KCl supplementation. Therefore, in the tropical summer conditions, higher levels of KCl concentration and economic aspect should be further studied. It was not clear whether the beneficial effects of KCl and NaCl supplementation in drinking water was caused by the cooling effect of the increased water intake and/or the maintenance of electrolytes balance.
Preharvest and postharvest factors affecting the quality profile of onion landraces
(2021) Romo-Perez, Maria Luisa; Zörb, Christian
Onion cultivation has been practiced for over 4000 years and does not exist as a wild species. Over time onions have adapted to different climates, creating a wide range of varieties and landraces. Today, in modern agriculture, commercial onion breeders focus almost exclusively on conventional farming which increases the demand for certain well-known varieties and hybrids but lowers the diversity available in the mainstream market. Additionally, a clear need for new varieties of onions is heralded by organic farming systems, where pesticides and chemical fertilizers are banned. A way to preserve biodiversity and enrich the range of varieties available in organic farming systems is to re-evaluate traditional landraces and introduce their benefits to the broader public. Onions are known for their good storability, particular aroma, as well as for their health-promoting benefits due to the rich content of non-structural carbohydrates, flavonoids, and S-containing compounds. However, the quality status and sensorial characteristics of onions can be influenced through preharvest and postharvest factors. Some of those factors are genotype, soil, and storage conditions. Preharvest abiotic factors such as soil salinity can lead to several reduction of yield and quality aspects. Much like many other vegetable species, onions have always been classified as salt-sensitive crop. However, to date, there was very little evidence to that claim, and information about the impact of salinity on onion quality and physiology is lacking. This thesis aims to characterize onion landraces and compare them using targeted and untargeted metabolomics with commercial cultivars when grown under organic farming conditions. A part of this is evaluating the differences of landrace metabolite profile and the storage impact after five months of cold storage. Furthermore, this thesis discusses the effect of increased soil salinity on the metabolism and physiology of onion plants. In chapter 2, yield and quality aspects of studied onion varieties demonstrated that landraces can achieve similar or even better results than modern varieties Sturon and Red Baron when grown under organic farming conditions of South-West Germany. Furthermore, differences between Sturon and landraces demonstrated that parts of the aromatic and flavor properties found in landraces have been lost in modern genotypes (Chapter 3). These results indicate that the maximum potential of the modern onion varieties has not yet been reached and further optimization of their yield and quality parameter could be attained through future breeding programs that include local landraces. Among the studied landraces, Birnförmige, Stunova, and Rijnsburger 4 are the most interesting and promising candidates. For instance, Birnformige demonstrated not only good storability but also high levels of S-containing compounds and fructans. Stunova presented good yield stability and capacity, while Rijnsburger 4 exhibited the highest levels of amino acids suitable as precursors of aromatic substances as well as good storability. Despite several reports claiming that onions are sensitive to salinity, chapter 4 of this thesis demonstrated there is no reduction in plant growth, quality, or aroma in onion plants after moderate Na+ treatments. Nevertheless, in comparison with the landrace Birnformige, modern variety Sturon showed a slight increase of compatible solutes by Na+ accumulation, demonstrating that the potential of certain varieties for onion production under increased soil salinity is actually much higher than previously assumed.