Browsing by Subject "Natural fibre"

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Characterisation of biogas digestate as raw material for fibre composites
(2022) Gebhardt, Marion; Lemmer, Andreas
Various synthetic fibres and natural fibres are used as reinforcing fibres in the fibre composite industry. Efforts towards sustainable products and the avoidance of land-use competition are increasingly driving the search for alternatives. Biorefineries are one possible solution. Biogas plants process structurally rich plant-based biomass. The resulting digestates have already been partially degraded. Natural reinforcement fibres are extracted chemically or biologically from plants, the use of digestates is obvious. This paper deals with the question whether biogas digestate can be used as a fibre raw material for composite materials. Digestates from four different commercially operated biogas plants in Germany are considered. Besides three biogas plants that utilize an average mix of animal excrement and plants one plant is operating solely plant-based. The solid portions of the fermentation residues were first examined regarding fibre quality. For this purpose, the fibre dimensions (fibre length and degree of slenderness) and the density of the fermentation residues were determined. Utilizing a feed analysis according to van Soest, the proportions of cell wall components were examined. The results of the investigations were compared with common fibres such as flax and wood. In addition to the properties, the possible fibre yield from the various fermentation residues was also considered. In this study, the influence of the starting substrates was considered in detail. For this purpose, the distribution of different size classes was first determined utilizing wet sieve analysis. These results were combined with the dry matter content. Digestates from a plant using exclusively plants as substrates, with a high proportion of hop vines, are considered separately. It is considered whether the additional washing of the fermentation residues brings an advantage for the fibre quality. To prove this thesis, the most common fibre properties are also examined and compared with wood fibres. These digestates from this biogas plant are used for the following investigations. Composite materials are often produced with a textile as reinforcement. Therefore, the digestate is first processed into a nonwoven. The wet laying technology is used, as it is suitable for various types of fibres. Only cellulose is used as a binding material so that the nonwoven is completely bio-based. The hot-press technology with a thermoset matrix is used to produce the composites. The matrix used is a partially bio-based epoxy resin system. The most suitable process parameters are determined with two test scenarios. In the first run, the proportion of added matrix is varied at constant pressure. In the second run, the pressure is varied at constant matrix content. Destructive and non-destructive material tests are carried out to check the material properties. To make a statement about a suitable application, the mechanical properties and the water absorption are of particular importance. In addition, the behaviour towards chemicals is examined to be able to assess the resistance of the material. For this purpose, the composite material is produced with the previously determined process parameters and immersed in various chemicals. Finally, the durability of the composite materials is examined. For this purpose, the composite material is also produced with the previously determined process parameters. An epoxy resin with a higher bio-based content is used as the matrix. The material is exposed to UV radiation and humid air for three months. Afterwards, the mechanical properties and water absorption are examined again. The main finding of the presented study is that the solid components of digestate can be processed into composite materials. The properties of the digestate fibres are similar to those of wood fibres. For the yield of digestate fibres, it is advantageous if only a small proportion of animal excrements is used as substrate in the biogas plant. Additional processing after fermentation leads to an increase in fibre quality. The hot-press-technology has proven to be a suitable process, as fully impregnated composites with reproducible properties can be produced. The process parameters determined are a pressure of at least 4:5MPa and a matrix addition of 60%, which corresponds to an excess of about 10%. The properties of the composites are comparable to Wood Plastic Composites. Therefore, they can be considered adequate. The durability is shown to be inadequate due to the strong reduction in mechanical properties after artificial weathering and chemical storage. The durability is mainly dependent on the matrix. Based on the results described, an application for the digestate composites as furniture material is recommended.