Browsing by Subject "Organische Bodensubstanz"

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Biochar amendment for C sequestration in a temperate agroecosystem : implications for microbial C- and N-cycling
(2018) Bamminger, Chris; Kandeler, Ellen
Climate warming will have great impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Different soil properties such as temperature and moisture will be altered, thereby influencing C- and N-cycles, microbial activity as well as plant growth. This may contribute to the observed increase in soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under climate change. Therefore, new options are needed to mitigate theses projected consequences. Biochar is primarily suggested to be effective in long-term C sequestration in agricultural soils due to its long-term stability. In addition, it could be applied to improve various soil properties, plant growth and to reduce soil GHG emissions. To date, knowledge about such beneficial biochar effects in soil under predicted warming climate is extremely scarce. In the first study, a slow-pyrolysis biochar from Miscanthus x giganteus feedstock (600 °C, 30 Min.) was incubated for short time (37d) under controlled laboratory conditions in agricultural soil in the presence of earthworms and N-rich litter (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.). Biochar increased microbial abundances and the fungal-to-bacterial PLFA ratio after 37 days in arable soil applied with litter suggesting improved living conditions for microorganisms with biochar. Fungi may benefit most from newly created habitats due to colonizable biochar pores and surfaces. Additionally, fungi could have also mineralized small amounts of recalcitrant biochar-C during plant litter decomposition. Without litter, biochar led to interactions between earthworms and soil microorganisms resulting in enhanced bacterial and fungal abundances. This indicates better growth habitats for soil microbes in earthworm casts containing biochar. Soil respiration and metabolic quotients (qCO2) and N2O emissions (in litter treatments) were decreased after biochar application suggesting a more efficient microbial community and underscoring the GHG mitigation potential of the used biochar. The field experiment, investigated in the second and third study, focused on the stability and long-term soil C sequestration potential of comparable Miscanthus biochar (850 °C, 30 Min.). Related effects on soil GHG emissions, physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties as well as plant growth were determined in an agroecosystem at year-round elevated soil temperature (+2.5 °C, since 2008). The second study investigated the short-term effects of biochar on microbial abundances and growth of winter rapeseed during the first year after field application to a warmed temperate arable soil. It was found that fungal biomass and the fungal-to-bacterial ratio were increased in the warmed biochar plots only after three months in the presence of spring barley litter from the previous growing season. The disappearance of this effect points to an overall high stability of the investigated biochar. Moreover, biochar proved to be effective in mitigating negative effects of seasonal dryness on microbial abundances and early plant growth in the dry spring period in 2014. However, biochar had no effect on final aboveground biomass of winter rapeseed at harvest in the first growing season. As shown in the third study, after two vegetation periods of winter rapeseed and spring wheat, the assumption that plant productivity in already fertile temperate arable soils is unlikely to be further enhanced with biochar amendment, was confirmed. Total CO2 emissions after two years were not reduced by biochar and remained unchanged even under warming suggesting a high degradation stability of the used biochar. N2O emissions were increased in biochar-amended soil at elevated soil temperature, presumably due to enhanced water and fertilizer retention with biochar. By using the global warming potential (GWP100) of total soil GHG emissions, the storage of biochar-C in soil was estimated to compensate warming-induced elevated soil GHG emissions for 20 years. To conclude, this thesis revealed that biochar may have only minor influence on soil microorganisms and crop growth in temperate, fertile arable field soils. However, it was shown that biochar could be a valuable tool for C sequestration in temperate arable soils, thus potentially offsetting a warming-induced increase in GHG emissions. In order to face climate change impacts, more long-term studies on microbiological effects and the C sequestration potential of biochar in cultivated soil under warming are urgently needed.
Coupling pyrolysis with mid-infrared spectroscopy for the characterization of soil organic matter
(2021) Nkwain Funkuin, Yvonne; Cadisch, Georg
Soil organic matter (SOM) is known to play an important role in the global carbon cycle due to its ability to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and maintenance of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Due to the growing need to enhance the understanding of SOM composition and dynamics as influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors, in addition to the limited ability to exist analytical techniques to provide in-depth knowledge into the constituents of SOM, a lot of research is currently focused on the development of new techniques to address the aforementioned concerns. In this study, a novel analytical technique, pyrolysis coupled with mid-infrared spectroscopy (Py-MIRS) was developed and applied to study SOM bulk chemistry in soils by measuring certain mid-infrared organic functional groups. Secondly, the developed Py-MIRS technique was applied to soil samples from different long term experiments to investigate the effects of agricultural management practices and land uses by monitoring the different functional groups. Lastly, the implications of methodological considerations of diffuse reflectance Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) on specific mid-infrared functional groups and quality indices were investigated on soils from a number of long-term field experiments. Py-MIRS was developed by testing critical experimental conditions like pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and time using a range of reference standard compounds varying in chemical and structural composition and bulk soils. As a next step in the methodological development, the suitability of the newly developed Py-MIRS was further evaluated by testing the effect of long-term management and land use on the molecular composition of SOM in bulk soils taken from long-term field experiments in Ultuna, Sweden, and Lusignan, France. The newly developed Py-MIRS technique and the evaluation of the effect of drying temperatures on peak areas obtained with DRIFTS demonstrate progress in the use of pyrolytic and spectroscopic techniques in the domain of SOM characterization. Py-MIRS revealed its potential as a rapid, reproducible, and effective technique to yield information on SOM molecular composition with minimal constraints due to mineral interferences and secondary thermal reactions. Py-MIRS also provided some insights into sustainable practices that improve SOM quality. However, the technique requires further development and testing on different clay mineralogies and land uses.
Development of coupled mid-infrared spectroscopic and thermal analytical approaches for the characterization and modeling of soil organic matter dynamics of arable soils
(2013) Demyan, Michael Scott; Cadisch, Georg
Soil organic matter (SOM) is a large part of the global carbon cycle both as a stock, as a source of fluxes (gaseous, dissolved, or sediments) to other stocks, and is also an important component of soil fertility and likewise plant productivity. Due to the growing need for additional data for both global studies related to climate change and soil fertility, additional information is needed not only on the total quantity of SOM, but its distribution within time and space and also its quality. In this study the use of mid-infrared spectroscopy in different applications was explored as an indicator of soil quality or composition, to measure the distribution of quality in different soils and fractions, and how these new methods could be used for SOM model parameterizations compared to other methods for both short and medium term model simulations. Firstly, certain mid-infrared active functional groups as measured with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS) were studied in a long term fertilization experiment (Bad Lauchstädt) to ascertain the suitability of these different functional groups as indicators of the long term impacts of different fertilizer applications and also in various SOM fractions as separated by size-density approaches. Secondly, a coupled mid-infrared thermally evolved gas analysis was combined with in-situ monitoring of changes in vibrational functional groups to assign different qualities to different temperature ranges during a thermal oxidation experiment to 700 °C. Lastly, these two approaches were compared to traditional SOM fractionation as more rapid alternatives to parameterizing SOM pool sizes in the Century multi-compartment SOM model applied to arable soils at sites in the Kraichgau and Swabian Alb areas in Southwest Germany. In the long-term experiment (Bad Lauchstädt) it was found that certain vibrational functional groups (i.e. aliphatic (2930 1/cm) and aromatic (1620 1/cm)) in bulk soil varied (P < 0.05) according to long-term farmyard manure (FYM) and/or mineral fertilizer application. The application of 30 Mg/ha every second year of FYM increased the proportion of aliphatics as compared to aromatics, while the opposite was true for the control treatment (without any mineral and FYM fertilizer). The ratio of the aromatic to aliphatic relative peak areas were found to be positively related to the ratio of stabilized (SOC in heavy density fractions and clay size fraction) to labile SOC (light density fraction). This indicated that this peak area ratio (aromatic to aliphatic) is an indicator for the relative contribution of stabile to labile SOM as a stability index. In the next phase of the methodological development, evolved gas analysis (EGA) was used during a programmed heating of soil samples to 700°C to link EGA characteristics with SOM. An additional methodological step was the utilization of in-situ diffuse reflectance (in situT DRIFTS) measurements during heating as an indicator of the nature of SOM being decomposed at different temperatures. Thermal stability was found to be affected by experimental conditions and also sample type. The heating rate, amount of C in the sample, and volume of the sample in the heating chamber changed the rate and overall shape of the CO2 evolution curve and needed to be optimized when comparing different SOM fractions. In the long term experiment of Bad Lauchstädt, a decreasing thermal stability as measured by temperature of maximum CO2 evolution was found in the order from control > mineral fertilizer > manure > manure and mineral fertilizer. Furthermore, after a 490 day soil incubation at 20°C the thermal stability of SOC increased, but only slightly. In the in-situT DRIFTS method, the intensity of previously identified vibrational functional groups decreased (degraded) at different temperatures. The functional groups decreased in the order of aliphatic, alcoholic, and carboxylates, and at higher temperatures, also aromatic groups decreased. These findings were used as rules for fitting multiple peaks to the total evolved CO2 curve to derive SOM pools of different reactivity. Pools derived from the measured fractions of mid-infrared functional groups (aliphatic, carboxylate/aromatic, aromatic), evolved gas analysis (CO2) fitted peaks (centered at 320, 380, 540°C), and size-density fractionation (particulate organic matter, heavy density fraction, silt and clay fraction) in addition to a long-term equilibrium model run, were used to parameterize the SOM pools of the Century model as implemented in the Land Use Change Assessment tool (LUCIA) and compared to measured soil surface CO2 fluxes and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents after 2 years. The best fits for the short term study were found to be the SOM fractionation DRIFTS and EGA pool initialization methods, but the differences over two years were very small for the three different parameterization methods and generally CO2 fluxes were underestimated. A 20 year simulation, keeping all rate constants the same, on the other hand, showed large changes in both the SOC (14 Mg/ha, 0 to 30 cm) and the distribution in the pools. As compared to the 2010 baseline SOC, the DRIFTS, EGA-1, and SOM fractionation methods were closest in the Kraichgau site, while the equilibrium method was closest in the Swabian Alb. Overall, DRIFT mid-infrared spectroscopy showed its utility as a rapid assessment of the general distribution of stable to labile SOM in bulk soil. Additionally, when coupled with EGA and in-situ DRIFTS measurements, the integrated method can provide additional information during the thermal degradation of SOM during heating. All methods investigated found changes as a result of soil fertilization management, and between SOM fractions. Lastly, it was shown that such information can be used for direct SOM model inputs, although the methods should be tested on further land uses and soil types. These mid-infrared thermally coupled spectroscopic techniques represent an advance in the use of mid-infrared spectroscopy in the field of detailed SOM characterization for modeling SOM dynamics.
Microbial community structure and function is shaped by microhabitat characteristics in soil
(2016) Ditterich, Franziska; Kandeler, Ellen
Soil microorganisms play a key role in degradation processes in soil, such as organic matter decomposition and degradation of xenobiotics. Microbial growth and activity and therefore degradation processes are influenced by different ecological factors, such as substrate availability, pH and temperature. During soil development different microhabitats are formed which differ in their physiochemical properties. There is some evidence that mineral composition is a driver for specific microbial colonization. Thereby, the heterogeneity of soils with differences in mineral composition and substrate availability can lead to a spatial distribution of soil microorganisms. At the soil-litter interface, a biogeochemical hot spot in soil, the abundance and activity of soil microorganisms increases due to high substrate availability, and degradation processes such as pesticide degradation are enhanced. This thesis aimed to clarify the influence of habitat properties on the structure and function of the microbial community in soil. In particular, focus was on mineral-microbe interactions that result from the mineral composition and substrate availability in an artificial soils system. Furthermore this thesis was designed to increase our understanding of the bacterial and fungal roles in pesticide degradation at the soil-litter interface using 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) as a model xenobiotic. These two aspects of the thesis were examined in three studies. The first study focused on the succession of microbial communities and enzyme activities in an artificial soils system with varying mineral composition and substrate availability over a period of 18 months. In the second study a microcosm experiment was used to study the bacterial pathway of MCPA degradation at the soil-litter interface. Over a period of 27 days the succession of bacterial degraders was followed. The third study focused on the degradation of MCPA in soil by nonspecific fungal enzymes, through the addition of fungal laccases as well as litter during 42 days of incubation. Both studies indicated the involvement of fungi in MCPA degradation and the importance of the ecological behavior of different degraders as a function of substrate availability. Results of the first study indicated that the microbial community was affected by mineral properties under high substrate availability and by the availability of beneficial nutrients at the end of incubation when substrate had become limited. The measured enzyme activities provided clear evidence that microbial community structure was driven by nutrient limitation during incubation. In the presence of easily available organic substrates at the beginning of the experiment, the soil microbial community was dominated by copiotrophic bacteria (e.g. Betaproteobacteria), whereas under substrate limitation at the end of incubation, more recalcitrant compounds became important to oligotrophic bacteria (e.g. Acidobacteria), which then became dominant. The results of the second study indicated that the contribution of the potential degraders to degradation of MCPA differed, and this was also seen in the succession of specific bacterial MCPA degraders. Added litter stimulated MCPA degradation due to the availability of litter-derived carbon and induced a two-phase response of fungi. This was seen in the development of pioneer and late stage fungal communities. Both fungal communities were probably involved in MCPA degradation. Therefore, the third study focused on the fungal pathway. These results indicated that the fungal laccases used had no direct influence on degradation and were as efficient as litter in providing additional nutrient sources, increasing MCPA degradation by bacteria and fungi. The observed differences between litter and enzyme addition underscored the observation that the enzyme effect was short-lived and that substrate quality is an important factor in degradation processes. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated that soil microbial communities and therefore degradation processes are driven by mineral composition as well as substrate availability and quality. In addition, this thesis extends our understanding of degradation processes such as the degradation of xenobiotics, with MCPA as model compound, in soil. The combined insights from all three studies suggest that the use of a simple system such as the artificial soil system can increase our understanding of complex mechanisms such as degradation of pesticides.
Microbial regulation of pesticide degradation coupled to carbon turnover in the detritusphere
(2015) Pagel, Holger; Streck, Thilo
Many soil functions, such as nutrient cycling or pesticide degradation, are controlled by microorganisms. Dynamics of microbial populations and biogeochemical cycling in soil are largely determined by the availability of carbon (C). The detritusphere is a microbial “hot spot” of C turnover. It is characterized by a concentration gradient of C from litter (high) into the adjacent soil (lower). Therefore, this microhabitat is very well suited to investigate the influence of C availability on microbial turnover. My thesis aimed at the improved understanding of biochemical interactions involved in the degradation of the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) coupled to C turnover. In the detritusphere gradients of organic matter turnover from litter into the adjacent soil could be identified. Increased C availability, due to the transport of dissolved organic substances from litter into soil, resulted in the boost of microbial biomass and activity as well as in the acceleration of MCPA degradation. Fungi and bacterial MCPA-degraders benefited most from litter-C input. Accelerated MCPA degradation was accompanied by increased incorporation of MCPA-C into soil organic matter. The experimental results show that the transport of dissolved organic substances from litter regulates C availability, microbial activity and finally MCPA degradation in the detritusphere. In general, litter-derived organic compounds provide energy and resources for microorganisms. The following possible regulation mechanisms were identified: i) Litter might directly supply the co-substrate alpha-ketoglutarate (or surrogates) required for enzymatic oxidation of MCPA by bacterial MCPA degraders. Alternatively it might provide additional energy and resources for production and regeneration of the needed co-substrate. ii) Additional litter-C might alleviate substrate limitation of enzyme production by bacteria and bacterial consortia resulting in an increased activity of specific enzymes attacking MCPA. iii) Litter-derived organic substances might stimulate MCPA degradation via fungal co-metabolism by unspecific extracellular enzymes, either directly by inducing enzyme production, or by supplying primary substrates that provide the energy consumed by co-metabolic MCPA transformation. A new biogeochemical model abstracts these regulation mechanisms in such a way that C availability controls physiological activity, growth, death and maintenance of microbial pools. Based on a global sensitivity analysis, 41% (n=33) of all considered parameters and input values were classified as “very important” and “important”. These mainly include biokinetic parameters and initial values. The calibration of the model allowed to validate the implemented regulation mechanisms of accelerated MCPA degradation. The Pareto-analysis showed that the model structure was adequate and the identified parameter values were reasonable to reproduce the observed dynamics of C and MCPA. The model satisfactorily matched observed abundances of gene-markers of total bacteria and specific MCPA degraders. However, it underestimated the steep increase of fungal ITS fragments, most probably because this gene-marker is only inadequately suited as a measure of fungal biomass. The model simulations indicate that soil fungi primarily benefit from low-quality C, whereas bacterial MCPA-degraders preferentially use high-quality C. According to the simulations, MCPA was predominantly transformed via co-metabolism to high-quality C. Subsequently, this C was primarily assimilated by bacterial MCPA-degraders. The highest turnover of litter-derived C occurred by substrate uptake for microbial growth. Input and microbial turnover of litter-C stimulated MCPA degradation mainly in a soil layer at 0-3 mm distance to litter. As a consequence of this, a concentration gradient of MCPA formed, which triggered the diffusive upward transport of MCPA from deeper soil layers into the detritusphere. The results of the three studies suggest: The detritusphere is a biogeochemical hot spot where microbial dynamics control matter cycling. The integrated use of experiments and mathematical modelling gives detailed insight into matter cycling and dynamics of microorganisms in soil. Microbial communities need to be explicitly considered to understand the regulation of soil functions.
Soil microbial assimilation and turnover of carbon depend on resource quality and availability
(2017) Müller, Karolin; Kandeler, Ellen
The decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC), which is predominantly performed by soil microorganisms, is an important process in global carbon (C) cycling. Despite the importance of microbial activity to the global C budget, the effects of resource quality and availability on soil microorganisms are little understood. Most of this plant-derived C enters the soil organic C pool via incorporation into soil microorganisms, but the subsequent fate of C is rarely reported. Therefore, soil microbial biogeochemistry is still highly uncertain in earth system models. The study presented in Chapter 5 used a field experiment established in 2009 to investigate C flow at three soil depths over five consecutive years after a C3 to C4 crop exchange. Root-derived C (belowground pathway) was introduced by the cropping of maize plants, whereas shoot-derived C (aboveground pathway) was introduced by application of shoot litter to the soil surface. The proportion of maize-derived C varied between the different soil pools with lower incorporation into SOC and EOC (extractable organic C) and higher incorporation ratios of maize C into microbial groups. Although root-C input was three times higher than shoot-C input, similar relative amounts of maize-C were found in microorganisms. Both root and shoot C were transferred to a depth of 70 cm. At all three depths, fungi utilized the provided maize C to a greater extent than did either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Fungal biomass was labeled with maize-C to 78% after the fifth vegetation period, indicating preferential utilization of litter-derived C by saprotrophic fungi. The second study investigated, in a microcosm experiment, the effects of decreasing resource quality on microorganisms during plant residue decomposition at the soil-litter interface. Reciprocal transplantation of labeled 13C and unlabeled 12C maize litter to the surface of soil cores allowed us to follow C transfer and subsequent C turnover from residues into microbial biomass of fundamental members (bacteria and fungi) of the detritivore food web during three stages of the litter decomposition process. Quality (i.e. age) of the maize litter influenced C incorporation into bacteria and fungi. Labile C from freshly introduced litter was incorporated by both groups of microorganisms, whereas saprotrophic fungi additionally used complex C in the intermediate stage of decomposition. Bacteria responded differentially to the introduced litter; either by turnover of litter C in their phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) over time, or by storage and/or reuse of previous microbially released C. Saprotrophic fungi, however, showed a distinct litter C turnover in the fungal PLFA. The mean residence time of C in the fungal biomass was 32 to 46 days; the same or shorter time than in bacterial PLFAs. In the third study, presented in Chapter 7, another field experiment was conducted to distinguish herbivore- from detritus-based food chain members over two consecutive years. Three treatments were established: maize as crop plant, maize shoot litter application, and fallow without C input. This provided root-derived C, shoot-derived C, and autochthonous organic matter, respectively, as the main C resource. The altered C supply due to plant removal had less severe effects on the micro-food web structure than expected. In the first growing season, nematode abundance under plant cultivation was similar to that under litter and fallow conditions. After the second harvest, the abundance of detritivore food chain members increased, reflecting the decomposition of root residues. Bacteria and fungi showed a marked resilience to changed C availability. Results of this experiment suggest considerable micro-food web resilience to altered C and nutrient availability, and indicate that organic matter from previous vegetation periods was successfully utilized to overcome C deprivation. In conclusion, this thesis provides new insights into microbially mediated decomposition processes at different time scales and at different soil depths. Stable isotope probing combined with biomarker analysis enabled us to study C fluxes between biotic and soil C pools to separate the contributions of bacteria and fungi to soil C cycling. These results can be used as a basis for an empirical model of C flow through the entire soil food web.