Browsing by Subject "Oryza sativa"

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Effects of endophytic Bacillus spp. on accumulation and distribution of iron in the shoots of lowland rice grown under iron toxic conditions
(2023) Weinand, Tanja; Asch, Julia; Asch, Folkard
Background: The tolerance of plants against abiotic stresses can be greatly influenced by their interaction with microbes. In lowland rice (Oryza sativa) production, the iron toxicity of the soils constitutes a major constraint. Although there are tolerant cultivars, the mechanisms underlying the tolerance against excess iron are not fully understood. Even less is known about the role of microbes in the response to iron toxicity. Aim: In the study presented here, the effects of different Bacillus isolates on the accumulation and distribution of iron within the shoots of different rice cultivars grown under iron toxicity were analyzed. Methods: Three lowland rice cultivars with contrasting tolerance to iron toxicity (IR31785-58-1-2-3-3, Sahel 108, Suakoko 8) were inoculated with three Bacillus isolates (two B. pumilus and one B. megaterium) and, after 1 week, exposed to excess iron (1,000 ppm) for 8 days. Tolerance was evaluated by leaf symptom scoring. Results: Bacterial inoculation mitigated leaf symptoms in the sensitive cultivar IR31785-58-1-2-3-3 despite no significant differences in shoot iron concentration between inoculated and noninoculated plants. In the tolerant excluder cultivar, Suakoko 8, leaf symptoms were exacerbated when inoculated with B. pumilus Ni9MO12. While the total shoot Fe concentration was not affected in this bacteria × cultivar combination, the distribution of iron within the shoot was clearly disturbed. Tolerance to iron toxicity of the tolerant includer cultivar, Sahel 108, was not affected by Bacillus inoculation. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results show that Bacillus inoculation can affect the tolerance of lowland rice to iron toxicity and that the effects strongly depend on the bacteria × cultivar combination.
Effects of water management on microclimate and yield physiology in irrigated rice in semi-arid environments
(2014) Stürz, Sabine; Asch, Folkard
Growth and grain yield reductions have been widely observed when traditionally flooded rice fields were subjected to water-saving irrigation measures, where a continuous floodwater layer is avoided. These observations led to the perception of rice being a plant extremely sensitive to soil water deficits even when grown in soils close to their water holding capacity. Since the rice plant’s meristem is below the water surface until the early reproductive stage in flooded fields, the difference in heat capacity between water and air can lead to changes in meristem temperature, when a ponded water layer is omitted. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of water-saving irrigation on the field’s microclimate and its influence on gas-exchange parameters and to investigate growth and yield parameters under flooded and non-flooded conditions in response to microclimate and varying climatic conditions. On two sites in Senegal, field experiments were conducted, where rice was sown on bi-monthly staggered dates and grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions. In the flooded treatment, a ponded water layer was maintained in the field throughout the growing season, whereas in the non-flooded treatment, irrigation water was applied until soil saturation on a frequent basis, in order to avoid standing water and soil water deficits at the same time. Microclimatic parameters and phenology were observed and leaf gas-exchange and plant growth parameters, yield and yield components were determined. Minimum soil temperature and temperature at meristem level were usually lower without standing water, whereupon temperature differences between irrigation treatments increased with decreasing air temperature. Stomatal conductance depended mainly on minimum soil and meristem temperature and minimum relative humidity inside the canopy. Assimilation rate was positively correlated with solar radiation and soil and meristem temperature, but depended mainly on stomatal conductance. Without standing water, stomatal conductance and assimilation rate were significantly lower, but the results could be explained with differences in microclimate. In most cases, leaf area was reduced under non-flooded conditions. Leaf area expansion rate was correlated with meristem temperature during the night. With minimum meristem temperature being lower under non-flooded conditions, lower leaf area expansion rates under non-flooded conditions could be attributed to lower meristem temperature. Yield reductions under non-flooded conditions were mainly observed in the cold-dry-season, whereas slight yield increases were found in the hot-wet-season. Among the yield components, reduced number of spikelets per panicle and decreased spikelet fertility accounted for the largest share of the yield gap. Leaf area per tiller was positively correlated with meristem temperature in the observed temperature range, and a positive relationship was found between leaf area per tiller and the number of spikelets per panicle. Furthermore, spikelet fertility increased with meristem temperature between panicle initiation and booting stage. Therefore, lower meristem temperature led to smaller leaf area per tiller, less spikelets per panicle and decreased spikelet fertility under non-flooded conditions. We concluded that water-saving irrigation in lowland rice production can lead to growth and yield reductions in comparison to traditional lowland irrigation even in the absence of soil water deficits, due to changes in soil and meristem temperature when a ponded water layer is omitted. Differences in assimilation rate, leaf growth and yield between irrigation treatments increased with decreasing air temperature and a clear seasonal pattern was observed, with large growth and yield reductions in the cold-dry-season, whereas in the hot-wet-season, growth and yield were less affected by irrigation treatment. When water-saving irrigation measures are applied in areas where night temperatures below 20°C occur, the effect of changes in meristem temperature should be considered. To mitigate impairment of growth under water-saving irrigation, a floodwater layer could be used to bridge cool periods, or a less temperature-responsive variety should be chosen. Nevertheless, the physiological mechanisms of the differential effects of day and night temperature remain unknown und need further investigation. Possibly, there is a combined effect of low night temperature and high evaporative demand during the day, which could lead to growth limitations due to restrictions of the plant’s water status. Furthermore, we want to highlight the need for a robust model of water temperature in paddy fields, which should be incorporated in rice growth models, since even tough existing models simulate growth and grain yield under upland and lowland conditions, the effects of changes in microclimate due to irrigation method are inadequately considered so far.
Genotype specific responses to Bacillus spp. inoculation in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under iron toxicity
(2023) Weinand, Tanja; Asch, Folkard
Amidst a growing global population, limited arable land, and higher pressure from both abiotic and biotic stressors in a shifting climate, there is a need for enhancing yields through sustainable agricultural practices, and new, more tolerant cultivars. In recent decades, employing microbial inoculants as biofertilizers and biopesticides has gained growing popularity. Yield reductions ranging from 16-78%, and sometimes complete crop failure, can occur in in lowland rice cultivation systems where high iron concentrations in the soil solution lead to excess iron uptake by the plants. Twenty to 60% of the rice growing area of sub-Saharan Africa is affected by iron toxicity. Development of iron-tolerant cultivars has lagged, largely due to gaps in understanding the genotypic adaptation mechanisms to this stress. Furthermore, effects of the microbiome on such stress responses are often overlooked. Although there have been previous reports on growth promoting effects of bacteria inoculation in lowland rice under iron toxicity, these studies were focused on plant growth promotion and mineral nutrient uptake. The primary aim of this dissertation was to assess the effects of Bacillus spp. inoculation on different lowland rice cultivars under iron toxicity, with emphasis on genotypic shoot tolerance strategies. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying genotypic responses to Bacillus inoculation were investigated and potential overlaps with responses to biotic stressors explored. Within the framework of this dissertation, three lowland rice cultivars, were inoculated with three Bacillus isolates (two B. pumilus isolates, one B. megaterium isolate) and exposed to 1000 ppm Fe2+ in the nutrient solution. The three cultivars were selected because they differ in their tolerance against iron toxicity, with one being sensitive, one a tolerant excluder (tolerance through minimizing iron uptake), and one a tolerant includer (tolerance of high iron concentrations in the plant). At day eight of stress exposure, the effects of Bacillus inoculation on tolerance against iron toxicity were evaluated by leaf symptom scoring. The effects of bacteria on the progression of leaf bronzing were then related to specific tolerance mechanisms, such as shoot iron content, iron allocation within the shoot, ROS scavenger enzyme activity, and the expression of genes related to iron toxicity tolerance. Furthermore, the effects of inoculation on brown spot disease development seven days after infection with Bipolaris oryzae were also assessed by leaf symptom scoring. All three Bacillus isolates were characterized for their ability to solubilize Zn and P, production of auxin, siderophores, and HCN, the presence of ACC deaminase activity, and in vitro inhibition of fungal growth. Effects of Bacillus inoculation on iron toxicity tolerance were found to depend on the cultivar x Bacillus isolate combination. While leaf symptom expression was ameliorated in the inoculated sensitive cultivar, the tolerant excluder cultivar generally developed stronger symptoms of iron toxicity when inoculated with Bacillus. No significant effects of Bacillus inoculation on the tolerance against iron toxicity were found in the tolerant includer cultivar. The beneficial outcomes of bacterial inoculation on plant stress tolerance are often credited to the bacteria's plant growth promoting properties. However, we did not find a clear association between plant growth and tolerance to iron toxicity. Furthermore, the Bacillus isolates did not display ACC deaminase activity nor the ability to solubilize Zn or P. Auxin production was only notable in B. megaterium, the isolate with least effects on both tolerance to iron toxicity and brown spot disease development. Siderophore production was found in B. pumilus D7.4 but only under low iron supply. Instead of plant growth, iron homeostasis as well as the interconnection between iron homeostasis and the immune response of lowland rice seem to be affected by bacterial inoculation. For the first time it was shown that Bacillus inoculation can directly affect tolerance against iron toxicity in lowland rice through inducing the production of ferritin in the young leaf blades of the sensitive cultivar. NO produced by B. pumilus Ni9MO12 is hypothesized to be involved in the signaling cascade leading to OsFER expression. Activity of ROS scavenger enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione redox cycle were not affected by Bacillus inoculation in the leaf blades. In the tolerant excluder cultivar, an alteration in iron distribution within the shoot of B. pumilus Ni9MO12 inoculated plants, is assumed to cause the decline in tolerance. In conclusion, it was shown that Bacillus inoculation can influence iron toxicity tolerance in lowland rice. The results underline the significance of the interaction between rice genotypes and bacteria isolates. Furthermore, Bacillus inoculation did not promote plant growth, instead, distinct adaptation mechanisms within the shoot tissue were triggered to allow for increased tolerance of high iron concentrations in the leaves. The signaling cascades involved might be linked with biotic stress responses. Understanding such intricate mechanisms is vital for improving plant productivity. While inoculants composed of single microbial isolates may not meet the anticipated outcomes for practical application in sustainable agriculture, they offer a valuable laboratory tool for investigating genotypic plant tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses and the role of the microbiome within. New breeding approaches that consider genotypic traits essential for obtaining a beneficial microbiome might accelerate the creation of more tolerant cultivars.
Rice genotypic variation on phenological development and yield performance in cold prone high altitude cropping systems
(2021) Abera, Bayuh Belay; Asch, Folkard
Despite a huge potential for rice intensification, several constraints have been reported as bottlenecks for rice production in the East African high-altitude cropping system. In this system, yield reductions are mainly caused by moisture deficit, which dictates the sowing date of the crops, and cold stress, which can occur either during specific crop growth phases or during the entire cropping period. In order to minimize yield losses, cultivation of suitable genotypes and timely implementation of proved crop management options are implicitly needed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of weather during specific development stages on yield and yield components of a large number of rice genotypes contrasting in crop duration; to explore the effects of crop establishment method on the performance of a set of rice genotypes in high altitude; and to identify key data sets required for the adaptation of agricultural decision support tools to new environments: the case of RiceAdvice being introduced to the highlands of East Africa. Field trials were conducted during the cropping seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Fogera rice research station in Ethiopia. Further, to generate data to be used for the advancement of RiceAdvice, trials were implemented in Madagascar (Ambohibary and Ivory) and Rwanda (Bugarama and Rwasave) at different altitudes. Thirty contrasting genotypes were included in the study to investigate the effects early and late sowing and the related weather variation experienced by the crop. The crop establishment methods (direct seeding and transplanting) were evaluated using nine contrasting genotypes. Daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature, rainfall, radiation, and relative air humidity were recorded during the experimental period; and the phenological development of each genotype was closely monitored in all trials. Data on grain yield and yield components were recorded and finally subjected to analysis of variance. Results showed that yield was positively correlated with the percentage of filled spikelets and the number of productive tillers, and negatively correlated with the number of tillers per hill. Genotypes differed in duration, yield, and yield components between the two years, which was related to both, differences in sowing date as well as differences in weather conditions. Early sowing in 2017 led to an extended duration until maturity of short-duration genotypes, which was related to low radiation levels as the vegetative phase of short duration genotypes entirely took place during the cloudy rainy season. Contrastingly, the duration to maturity of medium- and long-duration genotypes was shortened after early sowing in 2017, probably related to higher relative air humidity. In 2016, late sowing in combination with the early onset of the cool period led to high spikelet sterility in medium- and long-duration genotypes, as the cold-sensitive booting phase took place during the cold spell. Therefore, effects of sowing date on yield differed between genotype groups with short-duration genotypes suffering and medium- and long-duration genotypes profiting from early sowing and vice versa for late sowing. Similar results were obtained in the experiment conducted in Madagascar and Rwanda. At high altitude in Madagascar, short-duration genotypes performed well after late sowing, whereas medium-duration genotypes performed better after sowing one to two months earlier. Also, in Rwanda, delayed sowing compromised yield because of spikelet sterility related to low-temperature during the reproductive stage. Therefore, it was concluded that the choice of variety should depend on the sowing date, which is dictated by the onset of rains. Further, decisions on management intervention have to consider season-specific constraints. Comparison of transplanted and direct seeded rice showed that, in general, transplanting had a strong advantage over direct seeding. While at high-altitudes, growing medium- and long-duration genotypes with a high yield potential bears the strong risk of yield loss due to cold sterility, transplanting, which resulted in significantly higher yields than direct seeding, can mitigate this risk. As after transplanting, physiological maturity was observed earlier in the season than after direct seeding, rice plants, including medium- and long-duration genotypes, escaped the low temperature stress at the critical reproductive stage, and thus, low spikelet fertility. Thus, with a relatively cold tolerant genotype such as Yun-Keng, sowing a few weeks earlier within an irrigated nursery can make use of the full potential and increase yields. Comparison of the experimental sites in Ethiopia, Madagascar and Rwanda, showed that the mean temperature between sowing and flowering of the four tested genotypes was negatively correlated with altitude. In general, precise knowledge of the duration of the potentially suitable genotypes is required and a crop model that is well-calibrated for the genotypes as well as for the environment, in combination with a smartphone application such as RiceAdvice, would be of great help to support farmers’ decision-making. The data recorded from the three countries field trials can be used as data source to validate RiceAdvice, and thus, increase its applicability.
Transplanting as an option to cope with abiotic stress in high‐altitude lowland rice production systems in East Africa
(2021) Abera, Bayuh Belay; Senthilkumar, Kalimuthu; Cotter, Marc; Asch, Folkard
The current practice of direct seeding in East‐African high‐altitude rice farming systems is constrained by water availability early in the season and low temperatures later in the season at the crop's critical reproductive stage. Thus, productivity is restricted as only short‐duration varieties can be grown due to the risk of crop failure. To fully exploit the yield potential of such rainfed systems, the best combination of crop establishment methods and climatic ‘best fit’ genotypes is required. In this study, nine rice genotypes were evaluated under direct seeding and transplanting in the 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons with the aim of identifying genotype by environment by management combinations best fitting the high‐altitude, rainfed rice production systems. On average across all genotypes, transplanting had a positive yield effect of 18% in 2016 and 23% in 2017. Regarding the phenological development, individual phenophases were not significantly affected by transplanting relative to direct seeding; however, vegetative development stages in transplanted rice tended to be about 15% longer than when direct seeded. Even though transplanting led to extended vegetative growth, the time in the nursery allowed the plants to escape the cold spell late in the season. The results from the current study provide options to adapt cropping calendars by combining genetic resources with targeted crop management, thus improving and stabilizing yields of rainfed lowland rice farming systems at high altitude.