Browsing by Subject "Pflanzen-Mikroben-Interaktionen"

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Molecular and phenotypic diversity in populations of Fusarium culmorum on cereal hosts
(2022) Castiblanco Vargas, Eveline Valheria; Miedaner, Thomas
Fusarium head blight is one of the most devastating diseases of cereals globally and responsible for large harvest losses, not only due to the reduction in productivity but also due to the contamination of the grain with mycotoxins. The major causal agent worldwide is Fusarium graminearum; in Europe also other Fusarium species, among them Fusarium culmorum (FC) play an important role. The interaction between Fusarium species and cereals has been categorized as quantitative according to previous phenotypic and genetic observations. We studied the molecular and phenotypic diversity of natural populations of FC and how they interact with four cereals (bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale, rye) as host. Specifically, we sought (i) to understand the interaction between host and isolate, and between isolate and environment using the variance partition approach offered by mixed models applied to analyze multi-environmental studies; (ii) to identify or validate the association of Fusarium genes previously assigned as candidates using field aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol (DON) production; and (iii) to compare the application and results of the candidate gene association mapping approach applied to the same population of FC isolates but with different phenotypic data obtained from inoculation in different hosts-bread wheat and rye. Phenotyping was based on multi-environmental field experiments where each plot of the host plant was artificially inoculated with spores of the respective isolate in accordance with the experimental design. Aggressiveness was visually quantified as the percentage of spikelets with symptoms per plot and was repeatedly evaluated over time. The content of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in the harvested grain was evaluated by double enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Genes previously reported in the literature as related to aggressiveness were selected for sequencing. Using the available F. graminearum genome sequence, specific primers were constructed to amplify and sequence the most variable regions of the respective genes. The partitioning of the phenotypic variance using mixed models, for a subpopulation of 38 FC isolates in four cereal hosts, allowed to disaggregate the magnitude of the genotypic and environmental variance, and the environmental variance in turn into its different components. The genotypic variance was significant, but was exceeded by the magnitude of the environmental variance and its interactions with genotype, showing that the role of plasticity in the pathosystem of Fusarium culmorum and its cereal hosts is highly important. In contrast, the variance associated with the host factor and the interactions with host were not significant, confirmed by high values of genetic correlation amogn host. This result supports the categorization of the cereal/Fusarium culmorum interaction as unspecific and quantitatively inherited also from the view of the pathogen. For the present study, plasticity was understood as the changes in the phenotype of the pathogen that could be attributed to changes induced by the environment. Our data revealed the year as factor with the highest influence on plasticity, meaning that the isolates with high performance values under humid conditions did not exhibit the same high values under dry conditions. Because the environmental conditions are erratic between the years, the lack of a constant selection pressure in the same direction reduces the probability of achieving a speciation event per environment. The phenotypic data of the DON content in harvested grain showed a high correlation with the aggressiveness data. An association mapping study with 17 candidate genes for aggressiveness using a population of 100 isolates of FC inoculated on bread wheat revealed the significant association of the HOG1 gene, explaining 10.29% of the genetic variance of aggressiveness and 6.05% of the genetic variance corresponding to the accumulation of DON in mature grain. HOG1 is a kinase-like protein involved in the communication within the oxidative metabolism of the fungus. In a similar study using the same population of FC isolates and the same candidate genes but rye as host, the gene CUT showed a significant association with aggressiveness, explaining 16.05% of the genetic variance. The CUT gene encodes a cutinase protein, belonging to the secretome and involved in the process of unleashing the membranes and cuticles of the host plant. Taken together, our results suggest that i) field trials of breeding for resistance to FC in cereals should be carried out in several years to properly account for the genotype-by-year interaction; ii) despite the fact that molecular communication may present some type of host specificity the high plasticity guarantees that the effects on the phenotype are very similar among the cereal hosts; and iii) the high genetic correlation of aggressiveness for different cereals invites to involve non-cereal crops in the rotation plans focused on Fusarium disease management.