Browsing by Subject "Phosphorus efficiency"

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Sorghum breeding strategies for phosphorus-limited environments in Western Africa : from field to genome level
(2014) Leiser, Willmar Lukas; Haussmann, Bettina
A growing world population juxtaposed with dwindling phosphorus (P) resources present new challenges to current and future global agricultural production. The burden of depleting phosphorus resources is particularly felt in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The expected doubling of its population by 2050 and the widespread poor soil fertility will pose an enormous task to future food security in SSA. Plant breeding can be considered as one major factor to improve agricultural production under these harsh low-input conditions. Nevertheless, until recently there have been no thorough breeding efforts to enhance crop production for low-P soil conditions in SSA. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is the world’s fifth and Africa’s second most grown cereal crop. Sorghum is a staple crop of SSA and is mostly grown in resource poor regions under low-input cropping conditions, with the largest share in West Africa (WA). Its good adaptation to harsh environmental conditions makes it an important crop for the arid and semi-arid regions, hence a crop vital for food security and increasingly farm income in WA. Breeding sorghum specifically targeting P-limited soils is considered as one of the major challenges for future food production and can serve millions of smallholder farmers in WA. Nevertheless, plant breeders are mostly reluctant to conduct breeding experiments under low-input conditions due to a higher spatial variability of soil properties leading to a lower response to selection. In an unprecedented large scale multi-environment experiment from 2006-2012 in three WA countries, namely Mali, Senegal and Niger, 187 WA sorghum genotypes were evaluated for their performance under P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. The main goal of this study was to establish a breeding strategy for sorghum targeting P-limited environments. In order to establish such a strategy, the following objectives were defined: (I) to evaluate the impact of spatial models on genotypic selection in low-input field trials, (II) to develop a selection strategy for sorghum targeting P-limited environments, based on quantitative genetic parameters and (III) to identify genomic regions influencing sorghum performance in P-limited environments using modern genomic tools. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows: Spatial models can increase the precision and efficiency especially of low-input field trials and may lead to different genotype rankings. Hence spatial models and/or adequate field designs are necessary tools for efficient genotype selection under low-input conditions and must be considered in a breeding program targeting P-limited conditions. Sorghum performance is severely impeded by low-P soil conditions and shows large grain yield and plant height reductions and delayed flowering. Nevertheless, WA sorghum is generally well adapted to low-P soil conditions and shows a large exploitable genetic variation for P efficiency. Direct selection under low-P conditions is feasible, necessary and more efficient than indirect selection under high-P conditions and should be pursued in a breeding program targeting P-limited environments. Landrace genotypes are more specifically adapted to low-P conditions and show a higher P acquisition capacity, Durra and Guinea race sorghums show a similar specific low-P adaptation, hence these genotype groups are very promising source germplasm for further breeding efforts. Photoperiod sensitive genotypes show less delay in heading, a higher P acquisition rate and a specific low-P adaptation, hence should be considered for climate and low-P resilience breeding. Selection for low P concentration of grain can be used to enhance internal P use efficiency, therefore decreasing further soil P mining. WA sorghum shows a large genetic diversity, hence providing a valuable source for genetic studies examining the underlying genetics of low-P adaptation. There are many genomic regions involved in sorghum adaptation to low-P soil conditions. Nevertheless, some regions could be identified as major contributors, showing large effects on and strong associations to genotypic performance. Molecular markers in sorghum homologs of the major P efficiency gene PSTOL1 from rice stably enhanced P uptake and crop performance through an increased root growth of sorghum under low-P soil conditions and can be used in marker assisted selection for grain yield production under P-limited conditions. Furthermore, it was observed that grain yield production under P-limited conditions and Al-tolerance are pleiotropically regulated by the same genomic region and most probably the same gene SbMATE. Molecular markers of this region and within the gene SbMATE should be used for marker assisted selection to simultaneously enhance the tolerance to two of the most serious abiotic stresses for sorghum in WA, Al toxicity and P deficiency. WA Guinea race sorghums are an excellent source not only for low-P specific alleles, but also for Al-tolerance and represent therefore an excellent source germplasm for allele mining and marker assisted selection. Genomic selection appears to be a very promising approach to further increase the response to selection. But methods giving more weight to single molecular markers linked to Al-tolerance should be considered. The laid out results show that breeding sorghum specifically targeting P-limited conditions is necessary and feasible using advanced statistical models and modern genetic tools, and should be pursued as a major selection criterion in WA sorghum breeding programs. Nevertheless, only by combining agronomic and socio-economic measures with plant breeding efforts, millions of WA smallholder farmers can be reached and major yield increases can be expected in the near future.