Browsing by Subject "Reproductive success"

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Reproductive success and escape behaviour in urban greylag geese (Anser anser)
(2023) Mai, Sabrina; Steidle, Johannes
Urbanisation and its effect on animals and plants is an important factor to analyse in behavioural studies. Warmer temperatures and an increased availability of food provide benefits to animals occurring in urban habitats. In contrast, these animals also have to tolerate the disturbance caused by artificial lights or noise. This work studies an urban local population of greylag geese Anser anser. Greylag geese live in wetland landscapes, but also in urban parks with wide lawns and water bodies. Since the nineties, the city of Stuttgart in southwest Germany is home to a breeding population of greylag geese. As a result of a long-term ringing project, a large percentage of the population is ringed. This data shows that the population is non-migratory, as the geese generally remain in the area year-round. The individual identification offers the opportunity of tracing data, such as reproduction or behaviour, for the same animal over a longer period. This data can then be individually connected to genetic information, which is a large benefit in behavioural studies. The first chapter of this work focuses on reproductive success as one of the two key parameters which influence population change. As reproductive success itself is influenced by a variety of factors, this study analysed the effect of factors such as population size, brood size or dispersal by using two different measures of reproductive success: fledging success (the relation between hatched and fledged young of a brood ) and hatchling survival (the likelihood of a hatchling to survive to fledging). Fledging success of pairs initially increased with the number of times pairs bred together but decreased again in later broods. While the experience of a pair is therefore beneficial for their reproductive success, the subsequent decrease may be caused by the increasing age of the parents. The brood size also influenced reproductive success, as fledging success was higher in larger broods and hatchling survival was also positively influenced by brood size. In some years, several goose families dispersed from the breeding ground to a different brood rearing area. Hatchling survival was higher in these families, though this effect decreased again when the broods were large. The total population size had a negative effect on hatchling survival, indicating density dependence. To determine if there is a genetic basis for escape behaviour in greylag geese, the second chapter of this work compares Stuttgart’s urban local population of greylag geese with a rural local population in the countryside near Ludwigsburg. Animals occurring in urban habitats need a higher tolerance towards disturbance. This tolerance may be due to the animal’s personality. Animal personality is defined as consistent behaviour across time or context and is expressed for example through risk-prone behaviour. Urban animals are likely more risk-prone than their rural counterparts and thus have a bolder personality. There is increasing evidence that personality and thus behaviour have a genetic basis. This study analyses the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) as a candidate gene associated with boldness / shyness and fear. The gene showed a high variation with eleven alleles and 35 genotypes being detected in the analysed greylag geese. Allele and genotype frequencies were skewed, with one allele and two genotypes occurring more often than the others. Based on the detected frequencies, these two genotypes were defined as common and the remaining 33 as rare genotypes. Common genotypes were found more frequently in geese from urban areas, while rare genotypes were found more frequently in geese from rural areas. To determine if the detected genotypes could be associated with behaviour, the flight initiation distance (FID) of individual geese was measured. As the geese are ringed, FID measurements could be directly assigned to a specific goose and thus to its genotype. A high FID indicates geese which are more cautious, while a low FID indicates boldness. Indeed, greylag geese of the rural location show increased FID, while those in urban areas in Stuttgart have lower FIDs and thus a bolder personality. Despite these results, there was no significant correlation between DRD4 genotype frequency and FID. This may be explained by methodological effects. Alternatively, DRD4 has also been associated with other behaviours such as novelty seeking and exploratory behaviour. These behaviours may also differ between urban and rural animals and may thus be the reason for the detected frequencies. It is therefore likely that local habitat selection may be influenced by the DRD4 genotype. Overall, this work demonstrates that different factors, including genetics, should be taken into account when managing urban populations of wild animals, as their behaviour can differ significantly from their rural counterparts, even within a single species.