Browsing by Subject "SSR"

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Entwicklung, Charakterisierung und Kartierung von Mikrosatellitenmarkern bei der Zuckerrübe (Beta vulgaris L.)
(2001) Dörnte, Jost; Geiger, Hartwig H.
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites were isolated from a sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) genomic phage library. The size-fractionated library was screened for the occurrence of the motifes (GA)n, (GT)n, (TGA)n, (AGA)n and (CCG)n. The motifes (GA)n and (GT)n were found to occur most frequently in the sugarbeet genome (every 225 kb). In contrast, the trimer motifes were half as frequent (every 527 kb). A total of 217 microsatellite sequences were found in the sequenced clones. Most of the repeats were imperfect and/or compound. Sequence comparison revealed that 23% of the clones wich containing the (GT)n motif are variants of a previously described satellite DNA (SCHMIDT et al. 1991). Of 102 primer pairs tested on sugarbeet DNA, 71 gave a single product in the expected size. On 23 sugarbeet samples 64 of the 71 SSR-markers reveald length polymorphisms. The number of detected alleles per marker ranged from 2 to 13 (average 4,9) and the PIC-values ranged from 0,17 to 0,86 (average 0,58). A cluster analysis of the 23 samples confirms the pedigree data. The developed SSR markers were compared with RFLP and AFLP markers. Therefore nine sugarbeet lines, each with five single plants per line, were analysed. The SSR analyse shows the lowest similarity between the nine lines. The similarity inside the lines revealed no differences between the marker assays. Thirtythree SSR markers were genetically mapped into the RFLP framework maps of 2 F2-populations. The markers are randomly distributed over eight linkage groups of sugar beet.
Genetic diversity in elite lines and landraces of CIMMYT spring bread wheat and hybrid performance of crosses among elite germplasm
(2005) Dreisigacker, Susanne; Melchinger, Albrecht E.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the major cereals in the world. During the past years, the world consumption of wheat increased up to nearly 600 million tones, whereas wheat production continuously decreased. Due to land limitations, new production gains must be achieved from improved plant management systems as well as from the development of high yielding varieties. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) employs different strategies to enhance yield potential in wheat especially for developing countries. For instance, the wheat breeding program focuses on defined mega-environments (MEs), assuming similar growing conditions in certain countries. In the search for useful alleles, breeders often turn back to wild relatives of wheat stored in the CIMMYT gene bank. With the production of synthetic hexaploid bread wheat (SHWs), characteristics from T. durum and T. tauschii can be combined and via backcrossing incorporated into modern breeding materials. Wheat landraces (LCs) are an additional reservoir of resistances to pests and diseases as well as for environmental adaptation. The production of wheat hybrids is seen as a further option to improve yield potential. A considerable amount of genetic diversity among the materials is a prerequisite for all strategies. Due to the worldwide importance of CIMMYT wheat varieties, they represent a suitable source to examine different breeding strategies in wheat. The main objective of our research was to determine the genetic diversity in modern wheat breeding materials and genetic resources at CIMMYT. Specific research questions were: (i) Is the systematic breeding targeted for different MEs reflected in the genetic diversity among breeding lines (Experiment 1)? (ii) Does the production of SHWs (Experiment 2) and the use of LCs (Experiment 3) enhance the genetic variation in modern breeding materials? (iii) Does the development of hybrids represent an option to improve yield potential in wheat? (iv) Is it possible to predict levels of heterosis with the determination of genetic distance (GD) among hybrid parents? (v) Do genomic and EST- derived SSRs differ in the measurement of genetic diversity (Experiments 1 and 3)? (vi) Are GD values based on SSRs correlated with the coefficient of parentage (COP) (Experiments 1 to 4)? In Experiment 1, a total of 68 CIMMYT advanced breeding lines was analyzed with 99 SSRs, of which 51 were EST- and 46 genomic derived SSRs. A high level of genetic diversity (GD = 0.41) was observed among the breeding lines. The majority of variation (91%) was detected among lines targeted to one specific ME, which indicates a broad genetic base of the current CIMMYT breeding materials. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) could clearly separate the lines, but they clustered independently from their target MEs. Main explanations are: (i) alleles were selected that provide fitness to several MEs, (ii) adaptation depends only on a small number of genes that were not detected with the SSRs applied, or (iii) too few cycles of selection were considered to separate the germplasm. In Experiment 2, a total of 11 SHWs, 7 recurrent parent lines, and 13 families of backcross-derived lines (SBLs) were analyzed with 90 SSRs. The SHWs clustered far from the SBLs and the recurrent parents in the cluster analyses and PCoA, and formed a distinct germplasm pool with high allelic variation. Two families of SBLs were tested for a selective advantage of the SHW alleles. Six SSRs revealed non-Mendelian inheritance, indicating that the genomic region of SHWs was actively selected for. Thus, the production of SHWs provides a promising approach for the enhancement of genetic variation in modern breeding materials. In Experiment 3, gene bank accessions of 36 LCs from different countries and a total of 119 accessions from nine LCs populations collected in Turkey and Mexico were analysed with 44 and 76 SSRs, respectively. Both LC materials revealed high allelic variation (GD = 0.69 and 0.54). The 36 LC accessions could not be separated according to their continent of origin. An unexpected relationship was observed between the Chilean LC ?Trigo africano? and the Nigerian LCs ?Dikwa?. All of the nine LC populations could be discriminated except for two Turkish LCs collected from the same location. In accordance with previous studies, considerable genetic variation was observed within the LC populations. Our results contributed a lot to the characterisation of the LCs and generated important knowledge for the management of seed bank accessions. In Experiment 4, a total of 112 wheat hybrids and their 22 parental lines were evaluated at two locations in Mexico for grain yield, plant height, days to flowering and maturity. The level of heterosis varied between -15.3% and 14.1%, but was generally too low to compensate for the high costs of hybrid seed production. The correlations between mid-parent values and hybrid performance, as well as between parental line per se performance and general combining ability were significant (P < 0.01) for all traits, and particularly high for grain yield (r = 0.86 and 0.91). PCoA based on 113 SSR markers revealed three groups of parents. However, the correlations of GDs and COPs with the values of heterosis were negative and not significant. Thus, the prospects of large-scale cultivation of hybrid wheat in developing countries are low. The correlations between GDs and COP in Experiments 1 and 3 were generally significant but low. This can be explained by unrealistic assumptions in the calculation of COPs, which ignore the effects of selection and genetic drift. Similarly to genomic SSRs, EST-SSRs did not reflect functional diversity. The latter revealed lower degrees of polymorphism than genomic SSRs in all experiments, but the allele designation was simpler and more reliable. Across all experiments, our study demonstrates that plant breeding does not inevitably lead to a loss of genetic diversity. We confirmed that CIMMYT?s breeding strategies contributed to a successful increase in genetic variation. These results provide useful information to wheat breeders in CIMMYT and other national programs, regarding the use of wild relatives and landraces for the enhancement of the genetic base of wheat germplasm. In addition, our research provides a base of knowledge for future association studies, identification of useful alleles, and their use in marker-assisted selection.
QTL mapping of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
(2005) Micic, Zeljko; Melchinger, Albrecht E.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most important pathogens of sunflower. Three different disease symptoms can be caused by S. sclerotiorum: Sclerotinia wilt, midstalk- and head rot. An improvement of the resistance against S. sclerotiorum would contribute to yield security and thus increase the profitability of sunflower cultivation. We investigated resistance to midstalk rot with respect to the prospects of marker-assisted selection (MAS). The bjectives were to (1) identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, (2) map their position in the genome, (3) characterize their gene effects, and (4) estimate their consistency across generations of the cross NDBLOSsel x CM625. Two sunflower lines with high resistance level to S. sclerotiorum and different genetic origins (NDBLOSsel and TUB-5-3234) were used as parents. They were crossed with a highly susceptible line CM625 to develop two mapping populations. A modified leaf test was used for the evaluation of midstalk-rot resistance. Three resistance traits and two morphological traits were measured. Disease resistance of 354 F3 families of the population NDBLOSsel x CM625 was screened in field trials with two different sowing times in 1999. A total 317 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from F3 families were tested in 2002/2003. The 434 F3 families of cross CM625 x TUB-5-3234 were screened in 2000/2001. The field trials were conducted by using generalized lattice designs with three replications and five infected plants per replication. Highly significant genetic variation between F3 families and RIL was observed for the resistance traits in all field trials. Heritabilities ( ) were highest for stem lesion and lowest for leaf lesion for all three experiments. The resistance traits were moderately correlated with each other. For the construction of the genetic map of population NDBLOSsel x CM625, 352 F2 individuals were analyzed with 117 SSR marker loci. On the basis of results from the QTL mapping in F3 families, 41 markers were selected and genotyped in 248 RIL. A "selective genotyping" (SG) approach was used for population CM625 x TUB-5-3234. Based on the results measured in F3 families for stem lesion, the SSR genotype at 72 marker loci was determined for the 60 most resistant and 60 most susceptible F2 individuals. For QTL mapping and estimation, the method of the "composite interval of mapping" was used. For stem lesion in the population NDBLOSsel x CM625, eight QTL were detected explaining 33.7% of the genetic variance ( ). The QTL on LG8 explained 36.7% of the phenotypic variance (R2adj). All other QTL for this trait explained between 3.3 and 6.0% of R2adj. Nine QTL were detected for leaf lesion. The proportion of the phenotypic variance explained by individual QTL ranged from 3.4 to 11.3%. All detected QTL for leaf lesion explained 25.3% of the genetic variance in cross validation. For speed of fungal growth, 6 QTL were detected, which explained from 4.6 to 10.2% R2adj. Cross validation explained 24.4% of. Most QTL showed additive gene action. QTL occurring consistently across generations can be recommended for MAS and therefore, the QTL results between RIL and F3 families of population NDBLOSsel x CM625 were compared. One common QTL was identified for leaf lesion, two for stem lesion and three for speed of fungal growth. In population CM625 x TUB-5-3234, four QTL for stem lesion, three QTL for leaf lesion and three QTL for speed of fungal growth were identified. Owing to the SG approach we conjecture that not all QTL were found. The comparison of QTL results between two F3 populations showed two common QTL for stem lesion on LG4 and LG8. The QTL on LG4 originated from the susceptible parent CM625. The QTL on LG8 probably corresponds to the QTL with the largest effect determined in the population NDBLOSsel x CM625. Regarding MAS, our results indicate that two QTL detected for stem lesion and speed of fungal growth in population NDBLOSsel x CM625 are promising. They were consistent across environments, and showed no adverse correlation to leaf morphology in trials with the RIL. In mapping population CM625  TUB-5-3234, it remained unclear whether TUB-5-3234 can contribute new alleles with sufficiently large effects for resistance that were not identified in line NDBLOSsel and would be useful in MAS. The genomic region on LG10 should be analyzed in more detail with respect to its importance for resistance in multiple plant parts (head and stalk) and to verify its association with leaf morphology. Resistance breeding of sunflower against S. sclerotiorum is difficult due to the complex inheritance of the trait. This study showed that both the resistance source NDBLOSsel and the identified markers are promising in improving resistance by MAS. For a broader resistance against S. sclerotiorum, it is necessary to detect new resistance genes from different sources to pyramide them in elite lines.