Browsing by Subject "Signaltransduktion"

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Intracellular regulation of Wnt and FGF signal transduction by the late endosomal compartment in Xenopus laevis
(2022) Kreis, Jennifer; Feistel, Kerstin
The endosomal network depicts a vast playground of multiple processing capabilities in terms of signaling. Distinct compartments of the endosomal machinery exert specific functions and thus contribute in signal termination, transduction, attenuation or amplification. Initially, these functions were attributed to early endosomes but recent research likewise considers late endosomes to be just as relevant in mediating such processes. Functionality as well as the molecular identity of these intracellular membranous platforms are orchestrated by a large superfamily of small Ras like GTPases. The collected data of this study particularly highlight the involvement of late endosomes and its associated regulator Rab7 in the early development of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. In particular, the first two chapters address the Rab7-dependent specification of the mesodermal germ layer by regulating intracellular pathway activity of Wnt and FGF/MAPK signaling. After fertilization formation of the germ layers is one of the first processes to be initiated. An essential part of mesoderm development comprises subdivision into different mesodermal regions, thus clustering it into ventrolateral and dorsal mesoderm. This patterning is crucial to promote further differentiation into various tissues arising from the mesodermal germ layer. It turned out, Rab7 regulates ventrolateral fates in a Wnt-dependent manner. The small GTPase exerts its function upstream of the Wnt co-transcription factor Ctnnb1 to ensure its nuclear relocalization. In addition to that, Rab7-positive endosomes are likewise required to mediate intracellular FGF/MAPK signal transduction in order to specify dorsal mesoderm. Here, Rab7 regulates proper signaling at the level or downstream of Ras and upstream of Erk/Mapk1. The last chapter then elicits further regulative properties of the late endosomal platform, concerning Cd63 function. The tetraspanin Cd63, which constitutes a transmembrane protein, associates with late endolysosomal compartments and exhibits a similar expression pattern like the small GTPase Rab7 in Xenopus laevis. Contrary to Rab7, function of Cd63 seems to be dispensable whilst gastrulation. However, the presented studies in this chapter suggest a vital function of the tetraspanin Cd63 during axial elongation and correct eye development. Therefore, these investigations regarding Cd63 demonstrated an involvement of the regulative function of late endosomes as signaling platforms for embryonic development beyond mesoderm specification and gastrulation. Overall, the summarized data of this study provides further insights into the determining capacity of Rab7-positive endosomal platforms in intracellular signal transduction of different pathways during early embryonic development.
Rolle der GPCR-Signaltransduktion bei der Peptidhormonsekretion in neuroendokrinen Zellen im Darm und im Pankreas
(2008) Leicht, Stefanie; Graeve, Lutz
The insulinotropic peptide hormone Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) led to intense interest in the use of this peptide for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. The molecular mechanisms of GLP-1 in the β-cells are examined and well understood, whereas the mechanisms leading to GLP-1 secretion in the L-cells are not understood in detail. However the regulation of GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L-cells seems to be similar to the regulation of the insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. In the β-cells a number of G-protein coupled receptors influence the insulin secretion and other signal transduction cascades. Due to the fact, that the three G-protein coupled receptors GPR40, GPR119 and GPR120 are expressed in pancreatic β-cells as well as in the intestinal L-cells, the present studies concentrated on the expression and importance of the three receptors and on their intracellular effects in the L-cells and in the β-cells. GPR40, GPR119 and GPR120 are colocalized with GLP-1 in the enteroendocrine L-cells in the rat ileum and colon between the enterocytes. Moreover GPR119 is colocalized with insulin in the pancreatic β-cells. GPR40 and GPR120 are Gαq-coupled receptors, ligands are longchain unsaturated free fatty acids. GPR119 is a Gαs-coupled receptor being activated by lipids like oleylethanolamide. Activation of the three receptors by selective and unselective agonists stimulates GLP-1 secretion and the glucose induced insulin secretion in vitro and ex vivo, whereas GPR119 amplifies the Gαq-induced GLP-1 secretion. Synthetic agonists were able to enhance the fatty acid induced GLP-1 secretion in an additive manner. Glucose also stimulated the GLP-1 secretion in vitro and ex vivo. In L-cells and β-cells it has been shown that GPR40, GPR119 and GPR120 stimulate cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis via different signal transduction pathways in vitro. Hence the present studies make a contribution to the understanding of the importance of GPR40, GPR119 and GPR120 and their signal transduction pathways for the function of the L-cell and the β-cell.