Browsing by Subject "Soil fertility"

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Combined effects of drought and soil fertility on the synthesis of vitamins in green leafy vegetables
(2023) Park, Taewan; Fischer, Sahrah; Lambert, Christine; Hilger, Thomas; Jordan, Irmgard; Cadisch, Georg
Green leafy vegetables, such as Vigna unguiculata, Brassica oleraceae, and Solanum scabrum, are important sources of vitamins A, B1, and C. Although vitamin deficiencies considerably affect human health, not much is known about the effects of changing soil and climate conditions on vegetable vitamin concentrations. The effects of high or low soil fertility and three drought intensities (75%, 50%, and 25% pot capacity) on three plant species were analysed (n = 48 pots) in a greenhouse trial. The fresh yield was reduced in all the vegetables as a result of lower soil fertility during a severe drought. The vitamin concentrations increased with increasing drought stress in some species. Regardless, the total vitamin yields showed a net decrease due to the significant biomass loss. Changes in vitamin concentrations as a result of a degrading environment and increasing climate change events are an important factor to be considered for food composition calculations and nutrient balances, particularly due to the consequences on human health, and should therefore be considered in agricultural trials.
Fertility and microbial functioning of soils of smallholder farming systems under contrasting tropical agro-ecologies
(2021) Balume, Isaac; Rasche, Frank
Soil fertility in tropical agroecosystems is often subjected to degradation that leads to nutrient depletion with negative effects on land productivity and food security. This challenge is aggravated by the complexity of socio-economic (market distance, farm typology) and biophysical (agro-ecology, site) conditions causing soil fertility variability. Consequently, blanket fertilizer recommendations cannot be applied in areas of high fertility variability. In this PhD study, methods were harmonized to assess drivers of soil fertility status across regions. Despite being pointed as factors contributing to soil fertility variability, market access, farm typology (resource endowment) and agro-ecology have not been subjected to soil fertility assessment. This PhD study aimed mainly at verifying that these factors have to integrated rather than considered in isolation to enable accurate assessments of soil fertility across spatial scales and socio-economic gradients. It was hypothesized that market distance and farm typology is a determinant of agricultural development in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). As market distance is increasing, the soil fertility status of smallholder farming systems decreases despite farmers’ wealth. In a parallel study conducted in Ethiopia, it was complementarily hypothesized that the soil fertility status is also influenced by inter-related effects of agro-ecology and farm typology. As nitrogen (N) is known to be limiting in smallholder farms, conservation and sustainable provision of this nutrient will be essential to achieve niche-based integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) strategies. Therefore, understanding of the ecological processes (proteolysis, nitrification) that control soil N availability through organic residue management in varying soil fertility variability conditions will be essential. Low concentrations of lignin (L) and polyphenols (PP) relative to N have been acknowledged to facilitate decomposition, hence, stimulate the abundance of proteolytic and nitrifying soil microbial communities. Therefore, it was hypothesized that high quality (low (L+PP)/N)) residue applied to high pH soils have a positive relationship between the functional potential of proteolytic enzymatic activities and abundance of nitrifying communities. The survey studies in DRC and Ethiopia were guided by the following objectives; 1) To determine the inter-related influence of market distance and farm typology on soil fertility status of smallholder farming systems of South-Kivu, Eastern DRC. 2) To assess the inter-related effects of agro-ecology and farm typology on soil fertility status across crop-livestock systems in Western and Central Ethiopia. Moreover, to better understand the ecological processes (proteolysis, nitrification) that control N through organic residue management in varying soil fertility variability conditions, an incubation study was performed to meet objective 3) To verify that potential proteolytic enzyme activities modulate archaeal and bacterial nitrifier abundance in soils with differing acidity and organic residue treatment. Results from the soil survey study in DRC revealed a decreasing soil fertility with increasing market distance across all farm typologies. A significant influence of farm typology was found for exchangeable calcium and magnesium, while factor site resulted in a significant difference of plant available phosphorus. Furthermore, factor “site” interacted with market distance for soil organic carbon (SOC) quality indexes. In addition, the interaction of market distance and typology became obvious in the medium wealthy and poor farms. Market distance effects were associated with walking distance, while site effects were attributed to factors such as soil type and climatic conditions. In Ethiopia, inter-related effect of agro-ecology and farm typology was found. Higher total carbon and total nitrogen was found in wealthy farmers’ field compared to poor farmers’ field in the highlands. As an indication of soil quality, lowest SOC stability indexes were revealed in soils of wealthy compared to that from poor farm typology. These differences in soil fertility were attributed to farm management practices among typology classes and agro-ecological zone distinctions. The result from the incubation study revealed a significant relationship of proteolytic enzyme activities with the abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea, even though the extent of this relationship was more dependent on soil pH and incubation time, but not residue quality. This suggests that the effect of soil pH is stronger than that of residue quality on enzyme activity and nitrifiers community, reflecting the importance of soil physico-chemical conditions rather than management practices. The incubation study further showed that nitrifying prokaryotes benefitted from the release of N spurred by proteolysis, and indicated a niche specialization between ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea depending on soil acidity and resource availability. Overall, this PhD study showed that market access, typology and agro-ecology were important drivers of soil fertility variability in the study regions of DRC and Ethiopia. However, factor site played a significant role in shaping soil fertility variability, implying that site-specific recommendations could be a way forward for designing soil fertility management in smallholder farmers. It was inferred that prospective niche-based ISFM strategies must consider such contrasting but interrelated factors including, but not limited to agro-ecology, farm typology and market access. This would reduce the effect of soil fertility variability across regions. This PhD study only considered land size (DRC, Ethiopia), livestock and mineral fertilizers (Ethiopia) as key features to define the wealth status of targeted farms; future studies should consider a wider range of socio-economic and biophysical factors including labor availability, off-farm household income and soil management history for more accuracy of soil fertility variability. This will strengthen the accuracy of prospective soil fertility assessments across socio-economic gradients and spatial scales. Finally, it is suggested to extend the results from the incubation study to field conditions considering soils with a broader soil acidity range and organic residues with more distinct biochemical quality. This will verify the given assumptions about the functional relationships between proteolytic and nitrifying soil communities. Overall, the presented PhD study has contributed to ongoing research on best-fit soil fertility recommendations and knowledge gaps about soil ecological functioning, by providing an advanced understanding of driving factors of soil fertility variability and soil microbial functioning in smallholder farms in tropical environments.
Litter quality and microbes explain aggregation differences in a tropical sandy soil
(2022) Laub, Moritz; Schlichenmeier, Samuel; Vityakon, Patma; Cadisch, Georg
Soil aggregates store most soil organic carbon (SOC), but how does litter quality influence their formation? We hypothesized varying litter quality to facilitate differences in aggregate formation by altering the seasonal development of microbial biomass (MB) C and N, with MB driving aggregate development in a tropical sandy soil in Thailand. Aggregate development was studied in a long-term fallow experiment, receiving 10 Mg ha−1 annual applications of rice (Oryza sativa) straw (low N and polyphenols (PP)), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) stover (high N, low PP), tamarind (Tamarindus indica) litter (medium N and PP), or dipterocarp (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus) leaf litter (low N, high PP) compared to a control. N-rich litter from groundnut and tamarind led to significantly higher MB, bulk soil C and aggregate C than dipterocarp, rice straw, and the control. Bulk soil C and small macroaggregates C of N-rich litter treatments increased about 7% in 30 weeks. Increasing MB N explained increasing small macroaggregate C and both, MB C or N were important covariates explaining temporal variations of C stored in themicroaggregates, in silt and clay. MB also explained temporal variations of aggregate fraction weights. With time, SMA C only increased in the N-rich groundnut and tamarind treatments, but decreased in other treatments. Connections of MB to aggregate C and weight substantiated the importance of microbial activity for aggregate formation and carbon sequestration. By promoting MB for longest time spans, medium-quality tamarind could best facilitateaggregate formation, and increase silt and clay C.
Perceived effects of farm tractors in four African countries, highlighted by participatory impact diagrams
(2020) Daum, Thomas; Adegbola, Ygué Patrice; Kamau, Geoffrey; Kergna, Alpha Oumar; Daudu, Christogonus; Zossou, Roch Cedrique; Crinot, Géraud Fabrice; Houssou, Paul; Mose, Lawrence; Ndirpaya, Yarama; Wahab, A. A.; Kirui, Oliver; Oluwole, Fatunbi Abiodun
Agricultural mechanization is on the rise in Africa. A widespread replacement of manual labor and animal traction will change the face of African agriculture. Despite this potentially transformative role, only a few studies have looked at the effects of mechanization empirically, mostly focusing on yields and labor alone. This is the first paper that explores perceived agronomic, environmental, and socioeconomic effects together, thereby revealing linkages and trade-offs, some of which have been hitherto unknown. Data were collected using a novel data collection method called “participatory impact diagrams” in four countries: Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, and Mali. In 129 gendered focus group discussions, 1330 respondents from 87 villages shared their perceptions on the positive and negative effects of agricultural mechanization, and developed causal impact chains. The results suggest that mechanization is likely to have more far-reaching agronomic, environmental, and socioeconomic consequences than commonly assumed. Most perceived effects were positive, suggesting that mechanization can help to reduce poverty and enhance food security but other effects were negative such as deforestation, soil erosion, land-use conflicts, and gender inequalities. Accompanying research and policy efforts, which reflect variations in local agro-ecological and socioeconomic conditions, are needed to ensure that mechanization contributes to an African agricultural transformation that is sustainable from a social, economic, and environmental perspective.