Browsing by Subject "Stress hormones"

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Causes and consequences of alterations in stress physiology, immunity and oxygen delivery in a small mammalian hibernator
(2017) Havenstein, Nadine; Fietz, Joanna
The different functions and activities of an organism require substantial amounts of energy and thus compete for the limited available resources. During demanding situations, allocation decisions potentially result in trade-offs between physiological processes that can have consequences on the performance and fitness of an individual. Endocrine mediators, especially glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) build the bridge between environmental stimuli and the responses of an individual via regulating energy allocation and numerous other physiological processes as well as behavior and are therefore of special interest in ecophysiological studies. The immune and the oxygen delivery system represent two vital body functions that are essential for survival and respond sensitively to altered environmental conditions, nutrient deficiencies and stress hormone levels, representing therefore further suitable targets of investigation in ecophysiological studies. Our study species, the edible dormouse (Glis glis) is a small arboreal rodent characterized by an extraordinarily long hibernation period. The aim of this study was to elucidate physiological mechanisms underlying the evolution of life history strategies and variations in fitness parameters associated with stressful and demanding situations like hibernation, reproduction, limited food availability and high population density. To achieve these goals urinary GC levels as well as white and red blood cell (WBC and RBC) parameters were investigated and urine samples were examined for haemoglobinuria of free ranging edible dormice in South Western Germany. Results of this study reveal that the post-hibernation period represents an extremely challenging period for edible dormice as their phagocytic cells, the immunological first line of defense, obviously become depleted during the extended hibernation period and recover only slowly at the beginning of the active season. The need to invest into the restoration of regressed organs and body functions directly after hibernation when high quality food is still limited, may explain the delayed recovery of these innate immune cells. Slightly elevated cortisol levels presumably reflect the mobilization of energy from body stores for these restoration processes. As the phenomenon of low phagocyte counts was even more pronounced at the beginning of a low food year and the few neutrophils present in the blood of dormice were primarily immature, preparatory mechanisms occurring during late arousals of the hibernation period seem to determine the regeneration of phagocytes before hibernation is terminated. This, in turn, indicates that dormice are able to predict upcoming food availability and, consequently, future reproductive effort and accordingly invest into physical-physiological recovery. Apparently edible dormice trade off restoration of regressed organs for immunity. Survival probabilities of edible dormice are lowest at that time of the annual cycle, suggesting that this post-hibernation impairment of the innate immune system may entail detrimental effects for their fitness. Elevated cortisol levels during mating and gestation-lactation, respectively, show that reproduction represents a stressful life history event in both sexes. This event furthermore coincides with drastic increases in the ratio of phagocyte to lymphocyte counts (P/L ratio), a stress response of the immune system, as well as distinct impairments in the oxygen delivery system. The latter seems to be in a large part due to energetic and nutrient deficits and large amounts of senescent RBCs. High frequency of haemoglobinuria in females support the notion of a nutrient-deficient anaemia. When all reproductive effort has ended, cortisol levels decrease whereas the strong increases in the P/L ratio persist until the end of the active season which gives notice of the prolonged immunological effects of chronic stress. As mortality is increased during reproductive years, the high cortisol levels measured during reproduction suggest an allostatic overload that has exceeded adaptive levels and the high P/L ratios might represent a pivotal indicator for the beginning of a stress-induced deprivation of immunity that contribute to reduced survival. Prolonged food limitation does not elevate cortisol levels and P/L ratios, supporting the hypothesis that food availability is predictable for edible dormice and that a restriction therefore does not cause considerable stress. During late summer of a low food year the oxygen delivery capacity is decreased. However, erythrocyte parameters furthermore indicate a senescent RBC pool, suggesting that a reduced erythrocyte production is part of the energy saving strategy. As survival is increased during years of low food availability, these findings indicate that dormice are able to perfectly adapt to prolonged periods of limited food availability.