Browsing by Subject "Stroh"

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A unified appraisal framework for the assessment of biorefinery technologies : an approach and first steps to application
(2016) Suwelack, Kay; Kruse, Andrea
As part of the desired bio-economy, biomass will find a wide industrial application in the future, re-placing fossil resources and reducing the need of their import from insecure third countries. However, such an increased industrial application of biomass holds its own problems e.g. like an intensifying competition between food and fuel (and so an increasing competition for arable land) and sometimes other serious social problems, such as the so-called Tortilla-Crisis in Mexico in 2007. Therefore, (political) decision making within a bio-economy has not only to account for economic and ecologic aspects, but also for societal ones in the fields of human rights and justice. Moreover, the three aspects of sustainability (economics, environment, and societal aspects) are to be aligned and balanced within those decisions. A standardized assessment methodology for biorefinery technologies, acknowledging all these aspects, has not been presented in literature so far. However, the need for such a standardized assessment framework was already discussed and demanded in the literature. In the present work, a basic architecture for such an assessment methodology as well as a standardized procedure for the selection of biorefinery technologies is presented (Section 2). The methodology includes thoroughly executed technology analysis by Technology Design Assessments (data level). It concerns explicit values and ethics by the use of the triple bottom line approach of sustainability on the impact level. On the decision making level a tailor-made multi-criteria decision making method (Multi-criteria Based Benchmarking) is proposed and Advanced Radar Plots are used for transparent and easy visual comparison of different policy options. The appraisal framework proposed goes beyond the literature on bioenergy appraisal frameworks and can be used as a baseline for future research. Furthermore, first steps towards the implementation of the proposed methodology are undertaken. In this context, hydrothermal carbonization is used as an example as a promising technology in a new developing bio-economy. Based on data from lab experiments, model equations are derived using a severity approach for proper mass balancing (Section 3 and 4). With these equations the product yields of hydrothermal carbonization (of biogas digestate and wheat straw) as well as the degree of carbonization of the hydrochar produced are quantified as functions of different process parameters using a severity approach. In contrast to other studies, a logarithmic dependence on process severity was applied. Process severity itself was calculated from temperature, retention time and catalyst concentration. By these models basing on few selected reaction conditions, a wide range of process conditions can be covered and the yields for the solid, liquid, and gaseous product phase can be predicted. The equations form the necessary data input for the basic Technology Design Assessment of HTC defined within the proposed standardized appraisal framework.
Ökonomische Bewertung der „Doppelernte“ von Getreidekörnern mit den Reststoffen Spreu und Stroh
(2021) Ortmaier, Jörg; Köller, Karlheinz
Objective of this work is an economic evaluation of new harvesting methods, so-called “dual- harvesting” methods for common harvesting of grains and their residual biomass. In detail, the aim is on the one hand to evaluate the predicted higher quality and quantity per hectare of har-vestable residual biomass such as chaff and straw that can be realized with dual-harvesting technologies, but on the other hand especially their additional income contrasted to the pro-cess costs by proceeding dual-harvesting. For this purpose, combine harvesting with additional chaff or straw harvesting is compared to some dual-harvesting methods, both in terms of process technology and in monetary terms. Dual-harvesting methods are simulated with self-propelled forage harvester threshing, forage wagon windrow harvesting, compact harvesting and harvesting with a tractor mounted stripper header. The comparison includes the required logistic-chains and crop aftertreatment, i.e. sta-tionary separation of grain and biomass for each method. As basis for calculations is done specific modeling, e.g. for chaff yields and crop volumes as a function of grain yield. Parame-ters such as area size are included and also field distance, loss times, e.g. for turning opera-tions in the field, working speeds and road transport speeds. A calculation model developed for this purpose calculates time required for harvesting of one field for all processes with the greatest possible comparability. Based on machine costs stored in databases, e.g. for depreci-ation or wear and repair, which are automatically transferred to their desired process calcula-tion via selection lists, the costs per operating hour and, including area per hour and area size, costs per hectare can be determined for each harvesting process. Since all processes have different levels of grain and biomass losses, the process-specific, total revenues for grain and biomass are calculated accordingly and process costs calculated in each case are deducted from them. The resulting harvest cost free outputs (HCFO) are used as a comparative value. Without taking into account costs of reproducing soil organic matter as long term result, the following HCFO result for the individual methods according to the assumptions are calculated: combine threshing with bale harvesting 1309.93 €/ha; compact harvesting 1285.66 to 1529.53 €/ha depending on the amount of straw harvested; forage harvester threshing 1421.04 €/ha; forage wagon swath harvesting 1429.40 €/ha; tractor-mounted stripper header 1279.58 €/ha. The compact harvesting method thus has an advantage of up to 219.60 €/ha over the estab-lished combine and bale technology with same given assumptions. The other methods are in between or slightly below the combine harvesting. If costs for nutrient removal and soil organic matter reproduction are included for long term perspective, the advantage of compact harvest-ing is up to 143.44 €/ha. Based on literature research and model calculations, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that dual-harvesting methods actually make residual materials usable in greater quantities with higher quality than it is possible with widely used combine harvesting. Concerns expressed by Buchmann (1961) and Garmasch (1960) regarding the suitability of combine harvesting for an efficient provision of chaff and straw are substantiated when calculation re-sults are taken into account. In addition, agronomic effects of dual-harvesting methods are positive compared to combine harvesting, which was not able to be evaluated in monetary terms and therefore represents a great need for future research. The positive assessment is due to improved field hygiene by removing weed seeds and plant pathogens from the field during dual-harvest. This could re-duce the need for chemical pesticides. Use of cereal residues not only improves resource effi-ciency and "saves" land for cultivation of renewable raw materials, but the carbon contained in chaff and straw remains bound in sustainable products to a greater extent, such as in biochar. Dual-harvesting is an essential tool for cost-effective provision of plant residues required for that purpose and at the same time offers great potential for more environmentally friendly field management and benefits for biodiversity, e.g. through possibility of regular cultivation of plant mixtures instead of individual crops. Digital development up to autonomous field management can be made more rational in dual-harvesting methods through simplified processes in the field, which can be expected to lead to further increases in efficiency of grain and residue har-vesting in the future.
Untersuchungen zur Belastung von Getreidestroh mit Fusarium-Toxinen und Ochratoxin A in Deutschland mit Verfügbarkeitsstudien
(2011) Sondermann, Sarah; Drochner, Winfried
In a two year enduring nationwide screening experiment, the occurence of 13 trichothecene toxins, as well as zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OA) in crop straw was examined, in order to enable a better assessment of the risk of exposure for farm animals through the intake of the straw. The straw samples were taken according to the ?Futtermittelprobenahme - und Analysenverordnung? and the attached questionnaires were filled out in cooperation with the farmers. Through correlation of the toxin contents with the information of the questionnaire, hints for the influence of measures of cultivation and crop farming on the toxin content of the straw were sought. Additionally, through correlation of the toxin contents with weather data, hints for the influence of the weather on the toxin content of the straw were sought. In plus, information on the occurence of masked toxins in straw should be obtained. With the help of the extensive, nationwide taking of samples, implemented by official samplers, these samples illustrate a representative average for Germany throughout the two years of investigation. A screening of straw samples of different sorts of crop from 2007 and 2008 were examined on a spectrum of 14 Fusarium toxins as well as OA, a macroscopic result for the samples was raised. A statistic evaluation of the data was made. Throughout the two years of investigation, 80 samples of wheat straw, 79 of barley straw, 11 of oat straw, 12 of rye straw, 12 of triticale straw , 1 of spelt straw and 6 of an unknown sort of straw were examined. The macroscopic results for the screening samples revealed a mostly positive figure concerning the food value, on the other hand the figure concerning the average hygienic status showed in 2007 and 2008 an evidence for slight or even distinct hygienic deficiencies. The pollution of the straw samples with a spectrum of Fusarium toxins was verified. Because the average assertained number of cooccuring toxins in the samples was 3, the possibility of a multi toxin exposure of the straw must be considered. DON was concerning the frequency of occurance and the content the dominating toxin. It occured in 83 % of the samples verifiable with an average content of 1234 µg/kg, a median content of 439 µg/kg and a range of variation of 23253 µg/kg. The trichothecenes HT-2, T-2, T-2,4, SCIRP, NIV, 15-ADON and 3-ADON were verifiable in 55, 37, 9, 9, 32, 21 and 9 % of the 201 analysed samples. FUS-X, MAS, DAS, T-2,3 and OA were detected in less than 5 % of the samples, NEO in none of them. ZEA was provable in 46 % of the 201 samples, with contents between 7 and 767 µg/kg. OA was detected in only one of the 201 straw samples, consequently there is no pollution by this storage toxin expected. A different occurence of trichothecene was observed in the 2 years of investigation. In the first year the contents of NIV, 15-ADON and ZEA were higher than in the second year. HT-2 and T-2 were significant or rather tendential existent in a higher number in the year 2008. Altogether, the pollution of the straw was higher in the year 2007, recognizable through the sensorial evaluation as well as trough the analysis of the Fusarium toxins. Wheat- and barley straw exhibited a pollution by different spectra of trichothecene, whereby the results of the two years of investigation coincided well. All in all, significant different contents of the toxins DON, 15-ADON and ZEA with higher contents in the wheat straw and the type-A trichothecenes HT- and T-2 in the barley straw could be detected. These differences in the spectrum of toxins could arose from a population of different species of Fusarium. . The high amounts of samples of wheat- and barley straw allowed a detached evaluation concerning the influences of cultivation and crop farming on the two sorts of straw on the one hand and on the other hand a geographic distribution of the toxins within Germany. The assay of the samples of straw concerning masked toxins were made with the help of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysises and an in vitro - model, which simulates the conditions in the gastro-intestinal tract of a pig. The statistic evaluation of the single experiments delivered no significant differences between the varieties with treatment compared to the varieties without treatment. So a release of possibly existing masked toxins was not verifiable with the applied methods.