Browsing by Subject "Sugar profiling"

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    Identification of markers for dietary intake and health status by GC-MS based metabolite profiling approaches
    (2020) Mack, Carina I.; Kulling, Sabine E.
    Markers are compounds that can be used as indicators of an exposure, a metabolic state, or any other effect. Metabolomics and metabolite profiling approaches for marker discovery will increasingly gain significance. In the context of food, diet, and health, these approaches allow among others the identification of dietary intake markers, which can complement and verify traditional dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Consequently, the investigation of associations between diet and health status in general, and also in particular diet-related diseases will be improved. Compared to classical biomarker studies, metabolomics enables a more comprehensive investigation of clinical markers for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Especially, early diagnosis in pre-disease states, where symptoms are not yet evident, are of particular interest. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the application of GC-MS based metabolite profiling approaches for the identification of markers for dietary intake and health status. In this respect, volatile organic compounds and sugar compounds were analyzed to discover marker candidates in urine and plasma samples from a cross-sectional study with 300 participants, as well as from a human intervention study with diabetic, prediabetic and healthy participants. In the past, the search for markers of dietary intake mostly focused on non-volatile metabolites. To explore the potential of the volatilome, urine samples of a cross-sectional study were analyzed aiming to exemplary identify markers of coffee consumption using an untargeted HS-SPME-GC×GC-MS method. Six marker candidates were identified from a profile of 138 volatile organic compounds with the most robust represented by 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-furandione. Moreover, the correlation with the general dietary intake data highlighted the volatilome as a particularly interesting source for the detection of new dietary markers. The chromatographic separation of sugar compounds is often insufficient due to the high structural similarities. Therefore, in most studies common and well-known sugar compounds are analyzed in human body fluids. Within the scope of this thesis, a semitargeted GC-MS sugar profiling method was developed, which revealed a more complex sugar profile, both in urine and plasma, than described so far or expected. Rare sugar compounds such as psicose and trehalose were detected. However, the knowledge about their origin and presence in urine or plasma is limited to date. Moreover, the maltose concentration in urine was shown to be dependent on sex and menopause status (pre- and post-menopausal) – a relationship with the vaginal microbiota is suggested here. In addition, the association of the urinary sugar profile with dietary intake data enabled the identification and confirmation of several new and also known marker candidates as for example, for consumption of avocado, dairy products and alcohol. The plasma sugar profiles of healthy, prediabetic and diabetic volunteers after an oral glucose tolerance test could be clearly distinguished, independent of glucose. Remarkably, a variety of sugar compounds showed marked postprandial differences dependent on health status. For example, trehalose showed a profile similar to the insulin-dependent profile of glucose. However, the origin and underlying biological mechanism for those sugar compounds remain to be elucidated. During the application of the one-dimensional GC-MS sugar profiling method to urine and plasma samples, it became evident that even more sugar compounds might be present, although in low concentrations, but were not detected due to limitations of the analytical method. Therefore, the one-dimensional method was transferred into a two-dimensional GC×GC-MS method. Improved sensitivity and separation finally enabled the detection of 84 instead of 55 sugar compounds in urine. The two-dimensional method was applied in an intervention study with apples, and revealed marker candidates for apple consumption for future validation. Overall, the results illustrate the benefit of a comprehensive analysis of sugar compounds in urine and plasma, including minor and rare sugar derivatives. The GC-MS based metabolite profiling approaches addressing the volatilome and the sugar profile, respectively, were demonstrated to be promising approaches for the identification of markers for dietary intake and health status. Future work should address the identification of unknown compounds, the adaptation of the GC×GC-MS sugar profiling method for quantitative purposes, and especially the validation of the identified marker candidates with respect to their suitability to more accurately assess dietary intake or diabetic state. High priority should also be given to the biochemical mechanisms and the origin of the compounds as well as their physiological or pathophysiological function in human metabolism.