Browsing by Subject "Weinbau"

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Applikationstechnische Untersuchungen im Weinbau an Pflanzenschutzgeräten mit Einrichtungen zur Rückführung nicht angelagerter Spritzflüssigkeit
(1990) Kleinlagel, Bernd; Kutzbach, Heinz Dieter
Zur Verringerung der Umweltbelastung bei Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen sind u.a. technische Weiterentwicklungen der Pflanzenschutzgeräte notwendig. Die erst seit kurzer Zeit im deutschen Weinbau anzutreffenden Pflanzenschutzgeräte mit Einrichtungen zur Rückführung nicht angelagerter Spritzflüssigkeit, kurz Recyclinggeräte genannt, versprechen neben einer deutlichen Reduzierung von Abdrift und Bodensedimentation der Pflanzenschutzmittel auch eine Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit durch Wiederverwendung der nicht zur Anlagerung gelangten Spritzflüssigkeit. Die unter Laborbedingungen durchgeführten Versuche zur Bestimmung der Auffangraten liefern grundlegende Daten zu den verschiedenen technischen Lösungen. Ziel der unter praxisüblichen Bedingungen durchgeführten Freilanduntersuchungen war es, aufzuzeigen, inwieweit diese neue Applikationstechnik Spritzmittelverluste mindert und dennoch eine qualitativ und quantitativ ausreichende Wirkstoffanlagerung auf den Rebblättern ermöglicht.
Entwicklung innovativer Pflanzenschutzprodukte und -verfahren als umweltfreundliche Alternativen zur Bekämpfung von Mehltaupilzen : Bericht im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes: „Silizium als Aktivator bei Kulturpflanzen“
(2019) Raupp, Manfred G.; Weinmann, Markus; Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen „Otto von Guericke“ e. V. (AiF) Projekt GmbH, Berlin; Madora GmbH, Lörrach; Römheld, Volker; Neumann, Günter; Blaich, Rolf; Merkt, Nikolaus
Powdery mildews are among the most important diseases in many crop plants. In all sectors of crop production (agriculture, viticulture, horticulture and orchards) powdery mildew fungi can cause severe damage under field as well as greenhouse conditions. Although organic synthetic fungicides have been used to combat powdery mildews in conventional and integrated agriculture for decades, organic farming lacks effective alternatives to the ecologically questionable sulfur fungicides. Yet, also for integrated or conventional crop production, alternatives or supplements for a reduction and more effective use of synthetic fungicides would be desirable to optimize the production of high quality food with the help of environmentally friendly means. Objective of the present work was the development of innovative crop protection products and application strategies to combat powdery mildew fungi with respect to the knowledge on resistance-enhancing effects of an improved silicon (Si), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) supply to the plants. Furthermore, various plant extracts have recently received renewed attention. Among other active natural agents, garlic (Allium sativum L.) is known for its fungitoxic effect and at the same time high Mn and Zn contents. With the present work, an overview of possible approaches to control powdery mildew in grapevine by use of Si, Mn, Zn and plant extracts from garlic has been elaborated in greenhouse experiments. In this regard, the physiological significance of Si, Mn and Zn for the expression and strengthening of plant own resistance mechanisms was distinguished from the effectiveness of spray applications for forming passive silicate crusts as mechanical infection barriers. The physiological Si status of the plants could be clearly improved only by soil rather than foliar application of silicates. Regarding the soil application of silicates, however, no practical applications are known, how silicon fertilizers can be distributed under field conditions in the soil and brought into the rhizosphere to continuously ensure high rates of Si uptake. There is also still considerable uncertainty whether the soil application of silicates in non-Si accumulators, such as grapevines, can result in sufficient Si uptake for an effective expression of resistance mechanisms. The most impressive effects in the control of powdery mildew were achieved with the spray application of potassium silicate in combination with wetting agents to form silicate crusts on the leaf surface. The positive influence of Mn and Zn on the effectiveness of spray applications of potassium silicate and the adequate compatibility of Mn and Zn chelates with potassium silicate suggest that the interactions between Si, Mn and Zn should be considered for further product development. The application of garlic extract did not result in sufficient efficiency, although protective and curative properties could be observed. Allicin, supposed to be the active ingredient of garlic extract, has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and is one of the few agents for which no development of resistance has been found in microorganisms so far. Therefore, the interest in this agent for the development of biological plant protection products is expected to increase.
Epidemiologie des Esca-Erregers Phaeomoniella chlamydospora und eine neue Bekämpfungsmöglichkeit mittels eines Wundverschlusses aus elektrogesponnenen Polymeren
(2018) Molnar, Melanie; Vögele, Ralf
Esca disease has become a global thread for viticulture over the last decades. It is caused by a complex of at least three different wood-inhabitating fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pal), und Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed). For all these fungi wounds in wood are seen as the main entrance way, especially pruning wounds, which are caused by winter pruning. Currently, there are no effective control mechanisms available Therefore, it was the main aim of this project to test a new wound closure made of electrospun fibers, which shall be applied on the pruning wounds to build a physical barrier against invading spores. For evaluating the effectiveness of this treatment the epidemiology of the fungus Pch was investigated, as this fungus is one of the first of this complex invading the vine. For this purpose new molecular techniques have been developed to identify and differentiate Pch reliably. For epidemiologic studies the focus was placed on the occurrence of spores of Pch in the vineyards during the year. Spore traps were placed in vineyards of the Julius Kühn-Intitute which were showing severe symptoms of Esca and in vineyards which were free of foliar symptoms. Traps were analyzed during the whole three year project period on a weekly basis. In this study a new method was developed using a Pch- specific Nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to analyze the spore traps instead of the usual method, in which the trapped spores are spread on media and counting germinated spores. The new Nested-PCR turned out to be a very fast, reliable and sensitive method. It was the first time Pch could be detected in a German vineyard year round. Spores of this fungus could be detected over the whole trial period. Furthermore, a collection of 16 Pch strains with origins from Germany, Italy and South Africa was analyzed using a set of 17 RAMS (random amplified microsatellites) primer to link each one with a unique haplotype. By using this method some polymorphisms formed a pattern which could be interpreted as length polymorphisms. Further analyses of the sequences showed that there are in fact length polymorphisms which are based on repeats of the same sequence. The combination of RAMS primers and the sequence analysis resulted in a finer differentiation of isolates. Primers were developed flanking these repetitive sequences to detect polymorphisms directly without a previous RAMS-analysis. In the end ten haplotypes and two clusters each containing three isolates were found. However, it was not possible to link haplotypes to their geographical origin to gain knowledge of the spread of the fungus. Markers found using the RAMS-analysis were used to differentiate the fungal spores trapped in the spore traps. Furthermore, spores were also compared with strains found in vines of the same vineyard to verify, if the spores were possibly released by fungi in the plants or if they had a different source. This direct analysis was successful in first trials and proofed the existence of different strains in the traps. For an exact classification more markers and primer pairs have to be developed suitable for analyzing spore traps. The epidemiologic survey of this pathogen clearly shows the necessity of a good working wound closure which has to be applied directly after pruning, as the spores are present all year round and especially at the time of winter pruning. For this purpose, different electrospun fibermats made of different fibers of lactic acid were tested under laboratory conditions and in greenhouses for their impermeableness against spores of Pch. During these tightness tests in the greenhouse the new developed Nested-PCR was used to exclude, within the scope of its detection limits, an already exiting infection of the tested plants and to confirm that the a new infection was caused by the applied strain of Pch. Furthermore the degradation and aging of the materials was tested under laboratory and field conditions. Fiber mats with an added amount of glycolic acid turned out to be less stable. Among the different materials fiber mats based on pure lactic acid turned out to be principally suitable to build an applicable and efficient wound closure. First trials in the vineyard confirmed this positive result. However, the long term effect of this treatment on the incidence of Esca disease in vineyards has to be proven.
Lockerbeerigkeit bei Klonen von Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) : Analyse von molekularen Markern und der Einfluss von Gibberellin auf die Traubenmorphologie
(2014) Hoffmann, Petra; Blaich, Rolf
In viticulture, the architecture of the grape cluster affects the quality of the grapes. Compact grape clusters are more prone to B. cinerea infection, which reduces yield (Vail et al. 1998, Vail et al. 1991). Loose clusters have longer pedicel and rachis structures (Alleweldt 1959) and are less susceptible to B. cinerea. For this reason, the cultivation of clones with the loose cluster trait is of great interest. Loose clusters can result from the application of phytohormones, the spacing of the flower clusters, the thinning of fruit, or a reduced pruning. These treatments reduce berry set and promote pedicle elongation when applied to clones with compact clusters (Alleweldt 1959). Genetically based loose clustered grape phenotypes occur among grapevine cultivars. In this study we are able to differentitate between losse and compact clones using the marker FlExp2 on the basis of sequence data. The loose cluster clones show a 4 bp deletion at 219-222 bp and a C/T transition at 231 bp, unlike the compact cluster clones. In all tested Pinot ssp. clones, the sequence correlated to the phenotype. The marker was tested on other varieties such as Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Cardinal and White Chasselas. The phenotypes were again consistent with the sequence. In the case of loose clustered table grapes, a deletion occurs instead of the transition at 231 bp. Additionally, the variety White Gutedel demonst- rated a C/T transition at 217 bp. These results were confirmed by sequencing 30 clo- nes (loose and compact clusters) in two repetitions in both directions. Both markers shwoed two fragments with a four bp difference. The amplification products are a In- del/SNP mutation for loose cluster and a „CTTT“ mutation for copmact cluster grapes.The CAPS and the SCAR marker identified that the trait of bunch architecture is heterozygous. The sequence of the amplification products was distinct for loose and compact cluster types. The SCAR marker shows two amplification products at 162 bp and 166 bp and the CAPS marker at 283 bp and 287 bp. The heterozygosity didn ́t produce a molecular marker for the MAS. In silico, analysis shows that the identified locus is in the Exon in the Vlexp1 gene. This gene is an expansin gene which is responsible for cell elongation (McQueen- Mason 1992). A part of the role which the hormones play in grape Morphology was analyzed in this study. The inflorescences of the genetically loose clustered clone 1-84 Gm did not show increased gibberellin concentration, indicating that gibberellin does not have a influence on the genetic based loose clone (1-84 Gm). However, the auxin concentra- tion in inflorescences of loose cluster clones increases earlier and remains high lon- ger than in those of the compact cluster clone 18 Gm. After a treatment with gib- berellin, the clone 1-84 Gm exhibited increased concentration of both gibberellin and auxin and formed even looser clusters. Similarly, the same treatment applied to the compact clone 18 Gm resulted in looser clusters and increased concentration of gib- berellin and auxin with a higher concentration of auxin for a longer period of time. It remains unclear precisely how the gibberellin treatment induces looser clusters. It may be that there is an interaction between gibberellin and auxin or that the auxin alone causes the cell extension. It remains an open question whether expansin toge- ther with gibberellin or auxin is responsible for the development of loose clusters, or if it is caused by a gibberellin auxin interaction. The growth pattern of the stalks and inflorescences were identified in order to put these results in context with the results of the hormone and genetic analysis. The stalks and inflorescences of the treated and untreated clones were measured weekly before GA3-application and continued four weeks after application. The growth of the flower clusters ended three weeks af- ter anthesis while the stalks grew continuously. In the loose cluster clone 1-84 Gm, the growth of stalks and flower clusters was significantly larger than in the compact cluster clone 18 Gm. The growth behavior of the peclone 18 Gm when treated with gibberellin was identical to the clone 1-84 Gm without gibberellin treatment. Gib- berellin treatment caused a significant increase in the growth of the stalk and flower clusters. The treated loose cluster clones formed the largest stalks while the untrea- ted compact cluster clone 18 Gm the smallest. Such clone growth behavior results in loose cluster architecture.
Overwintering and reproduction biology of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
(2018) Zerulla, Florian Niklas; Zebitz, Claus P. W.
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) was introduced to southern Europe and the United States of America in 2008 through fruit imports from Southeast Asia and spread in the following years all over Europe, as well as South and North America. D. suzukii is a polyphagous pest which infests fruits of soft-skinned wild and cultivated plants. In contrast to the well-known D. melanogaster, healthy and ripe fruits are preferred. The infestation is caused by female D. suzukii who damage the fruit skin to deposit eggs underneath with the help of their serrated ovipositor. The feeding of hatching larvae and secondary infections, which can easily penetrate through the damaged fruit, can lead to complete yield losses. A short reproductive period, a large range of host plants and infestation of the fruits, shortly before harvesting makes it extremely difficult to control the pest. Due to comparatively late infestation, the possible period of application during ripening and harvesting is limited. The same applies to the frequency of application of insecticides at this time. Possible residues on the harvested products also carry the risk of rejection of the fruit on the market. Furthermore, an incomplete knowledge of the biology, especially overwintering biology under European environmental conditions makes an effective control of this invasive pest extremely difficult. Therefore, the main research topics are the induction and refraction of the postulated diapause, the detection of any possible hibernation sites and the influence of temperature on the oviposition behaviour of D. suzukii. Based on field experiments it could be shown that successful wintering could probably only take place in forest areas. After freezing, the forest was the only place where D. suzukii could resume its flight activity at warmer temperatures. It has also been confirmed that female flies are more resistant to temperatures below freezing than male flies. Accordingly, after a frost period, hardly any male D. suzukii were caught in bait traps. Similar results have also been obtained in laboratory tests, showing that D. suzukii adapted to low temperatures and shortday conditions had lower temperature preferences and a decreased mortality after changing environmental conditions. It can therefore be assumed that overwintering D. suzukii can spread better in spring due to a lower temperature preference and a higher physical activity under cold environmental conditions than flies without adaptation to winter conditions. Bait traps were also used to determine the developmental status of the ovaries by dissecting the abdomens of weekly captured D. suzukii. This enabled a correlation between microclimatic conditions of individual habitats and the reproductive status of females to be established. In winter, the majority of female D. suzukii had “immature ovaries”, whereas in the summer most females had “mature eggs” in their abdomen. For this reason, it can be assumed that D. suzukii entered a reproductive diapause, which is apparently influenced by winter climatic conditions, nutritional status and the availability of food. In addition, it was found that the developmental status of ovaries correlates positively with oviposition. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the highest number of egg depositions at 20 °C. Most females with “mature eggs” were also documented under these simulated conditions. We detected that the preferred surface temperature for egg depositing was very similar to the preferred ambient temperature of D. suzukii. Most of the eggs were deposited on fruits with a surface temperature of 22 °C. At this temperature, the highest net reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of population increase was found, too. Temperatures below 15 °C and above 35 °C were not preferred, which represented the thresholds for a successful development of D. suzukii. Temperatures between 10 and 15 °C and shortday conditions were the most important key stimuli for entering the reproductive diapause. Therefore, temperature had a stronger influence on oviposition behaviour than daylength. A complete disruption of diapause occurred at higher temperatures (20 °C) and longday conditions after 72 hours. The data presented in this work on the possibility of adapting D. suzukii to environmental conditions and key temperatures, which influence the development of ovaries and egg deposition, can provide an important contribution to the development of prediction and population dynamics models and can be used for long-term control strategies against D. suzukii. According to current knowledge and observations, overwintering is obviously a critical period for the survival of the populations. Therefore, the characterisation and identification of additional hibernation sites is of great importance. There, a targeted and environmentally friendly control of D. suzukii populations could be particularly efficient.