Browsing by Subject "Winter rye"

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Ergot infection in winter rye hybrids shows differential contribution of male and female genotypes and environment
(2020) Kodisch, Anna; Wilde, Peer; Schmiedchen, Brigitta; Fromme, Franz-Joachim; Rodemann, Bernd; Tratwal, Anna; Oberforster, Michael; Wieser, Franz; Schiemann, Andrea; Jørgensen, Lise Nistrup; Miedaner, Thomas
Contamination of ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in grains continues to be a problem in outcrossing plants like rye, especially in years of favorable infection (cold, rainy) conditions. The problem is not the yield loss, but the contamination of the grains by toxic alkaloids leading to strict critical values within the European Union. This study was conducted to (1) partition the variation of genotype, inoculation treatments and environment for ergot infection of 12 winter rye genotypes, (2) the effect of varying proportions of a non-adapted restorer gene on ergot, and to (3) reveal within the genotype the relative importance of male pollen fertility and female receptivity on the ergot reaction of single crosses bearing different restorer genes. In total, 12 rye genotypes and two factorial crossing designs with each of five female and four male lines differing in their restorer genes were tested by artificial infection in up to 16 environments in four European countries. High and significant genotypic variation regarding the ergot severity and pollen-fertility restoration were observed. Furthermore significant general combining ability and specific combining ability variances and interactions with environment were obtained. The pollen-fertility restoration of the male had by far the highest importance for ergot severity, the female component, however, also revealed a significant effect. In conclusion, selecting for superior restoration ability is the most promising way on the short term, but there are also possibilities to improve the maternal site in future breeding programs.
Integration of genotypic, hyperspectral, and phenotypic data to improve biomass yield prediction in hybrid rye
(2020) Galán, Rodrigo José; Bernal-Vasquez, Angela-Maria; Jebsen, Christian; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Thorwarth, Patrick; Steffan, Philipp; Gordillo, Andres; Miedaner, Thomas
Integrating cutting-edge technologies is imperative to sustainably breed crops for a growing global population. To predict dry matter yield (DMY) in winter rye (Secale cereale L.), we tested single-kernel models based on genomic (GBLUP) and hyperspectral reflectance-derived (HBLUP) relationship matrices, a multi-kernel model combining both matrices and a bivariate model fitted with plant height as a secondary trait. In total, 274 elite rye lines were genotyped using a 10 k-SNP array and phenotyped as testcrosses for DMY and plant height at four locations in Germany in two years (eight environments). Spectral data consisted of 400 discrete narrow bands ranging between 410 and 993 nm collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) on two dates on each environment. To reduce data dimensionality, variable selection of bands was performed, resulting in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) as the best method in terms of predictive abilities. The mean heritability of reflectance data was moderate ( h2 = 0.72) and highly variable across the spectrum. Correlations between DMY and single bands were generally significant (p < 0.05) but low (≤ 0.29). Across environments and training set (TRN) sizes, the bivariate model showed the highest prediction abilities (0.56–0.75), followed by the multi-kernel (0.45–0.71) and single-kernel (0.33–0.61) models. With reduced TRN, HBLUP performed better than GBLUP. The HBLUP model fitted with a set of selected bands was preferred. Within and across environments, prediction abilities increased with larger TRN. Our results suggest that in the era of digital breeding, the integration of high-throughput phenotyping and genomic selection is a promising strategy to achieve superior selection gains in hybrid rye.
Temporal dynamics of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) N supply from cover crops differing in biomass quantity and composition
(2022) Koch, Heinz-Josef; Grunwald, Dennis; Essich, Lisa; Ruser, Reiner
Cover crops are supposed to decrease the soil mineral N content (Nmin) during winter and increase the N supply to subsequent main crops due to mineralization of N previously prevented from leaching. However, data on N supply from cover crops grown before sugar beet have rarely been reported for Central European conditions. Therefore, our study aimed to provide information for cover crops differing in frost resistance and biomass quantity applicable for N fertilizer dressing in the subsequent main crop. In 2018/19 and 2019/20, field trials were conducted on two Luvisol sites in Germany typical for sugar beet cultivation, comprising a sequence of autumn sown cover crops grown after field pea followed by unfertilized sugar beet main crops sown in next spring. Apparent net N mineralization and the N effect of cover crops on sugar beet were calculated according to a mass balance approach including Nmin and sugar beet N uptake. Winter rye and oil radish revealed the greatest potential for scavenging nitrate from the soil profile while reductions caused by frost-sensitive saia oat and spring vetch were more variable. The amount of N in the cover crop biomass was negatively correlated with Nmin in autumn and also in spring. Thus, for environmentally effective cover cropping in Central Europe, species with a sufficiently high frost tolerance should be chosen. Despite cover crop N uptake up to 170 kg N ha−1 and C:N ratios < 20, a positive N effect on sugar beet was only found between March and July of the beet growing season and was 50 kg N ha−1 at maximum, while between August and September, net immobilization was predominant with up to 100 kg N ha−1. Differences among crop species were not consistent across the site/years investigated. Sugar yield was lowest after rye at 3 sites/years and correlated positively with Nmin in spring. Correlation between yield and cover crop N effect was mostly low and inconsistent and could not be improved by a multiple regression approach. Thus, factors other than in-season N supply from cover crops apparently impacted sugar beet yield formation to a larger extent.