Browsing by Subject "Anaerobic digestion"

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Characteristics and anaerobic co-digestion of press water from wood fuel preparation and digested sewage sludge
(2022) Sailer, Gregor; Empl, Florian; Kuptz, Daniel; Silberhorn, Martin; Ludewig, Darwin; Lesche, Simon; Pelz, Stefan; Müller, Joachim
Technical drying of harvested wood fuels is heat and energy consuming, while natural pre-drying in the forest, e.g., in stacks or storage piles, is accompanied by energy losses through natural degradation processes. Dewatering of energy wood by mechanical pressing is an innovative method to reduce the moisture content prior to thermal drying while producing press waters (PW, also referred to as wood juice) as a by-product. To date, the characteristics and utilization potentials of PW are largely unknown. In this study, three different spruce- and poplar-based PW were analyzed for their characteristics such as dry matter (DM), organic dry matter (oDM) concentration, pH-value, element concentration or chemical compounds. Additionally, they were used for anaerobic digestion (AD) experiments with digested sewage sludge (DSS) serving as inoculum. The fresh matter-based DM concentrations of the PW were between 0.4 and 3.2%, while oDM concentrations were between 87 and 89%DM. The spruce-based PW were characterized by lower pH-values of approx. 4.4, while the poplar-based PW was measured at pH 8. In the AD experiments, DSS alone (blank variant) achieved a specific methane yield of 95 ± 26 mL/goDM, while the mixture of spruce-based PW and DSS achieved up to 160 ± 12 mL/goDM, respectively. With further research, PW from wood fuel preparation offer the potential to be a suitable co-substrate or supplement for AD processes.
Einsatz von Spurenelementen bei der Vergärung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen in Biogasanlagen
(2014) Vintiloiu, Anca; Jungbluth, Thomas
The operational agricultural biogas plants in Germany are fed mainly with renewable raw materials. During substrate addition, several micro and macro elements enter the digester. These elements are essential nutrients for the methanogens. If their concentration is too low, the production of biogas can be disrupted. A large number of agricultural biogas plants use therefore commercially available trace element solutions to optimize the process and to achieve higher methane yields. When the fermentation is complete, the digestate containing these trace elements (mostly heavy metals) is spread on fields as fertilizer. The amounts added to the biogas process should be kept as low as possible in order to minimize the environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause of trace elements deficiency in renewable raw materials fed biogas plants. It was also tested whether the chelation of the nutrients could increase their bioavailability for microorganisms and thus lead to a reduction of the amounts needed for the stabilization of the fermentation process. The effect of the complexing agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the bioavailability of metal ions was tested. The sole addition of EDTA to an undersupplied substrate increased the methane yield by up to 32 %. When trace elements were also added, their amounts could be reduced by up to 75 % with no negative consequences for the fermentation process. EDTA is a persistent chelating agent and so it was further tested, whether readily biodegradable chelating agents (ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) and iminodisuccinic acid (IDS)) could have the same effect. During the investigation, IDS had a high statistically significant positive effect on the bioavailability of the metal ions, which exceeded the effect of EDTA. IDS represents therefore a good alternative to EDTA. The bioavailability of the metal ions in the digester was increased by the use of complexing agents, which made the reduction of the trace elements amounts needed to compensate for substrate-related deficiency symptoms possible. This reduces the pollution on the agricultural land on which the digestate is used as fertilizer.
How can miscanthus be integrated most efficiently into agricultural production systems?
(2019) Mangold, Anja; Lewandowski, Iris
The demand for biomass is increasing steadily, as fossil resources are gradually being replaced by biomass within the context of a developing bioeconomy. Plant-based feedstocks currently used for this replacement virtually all come from annual crops. However, perennial crops such as miscanthus are expected to be more environmentally benign due to their generally low-input requirements and high yield potential. Despite these advantages, the current cultivation area of miscanthus in Europe is quite low. One reason for this is that the cultivation and utilization of miscanthus faces several challenges. For example, the most common propagation method via rhizomes is very labour-intensive and thus expensive, leading to high establishment costs. Seed propagation is a promising option to reduce costs, but is not suitable for sterile genotypes. Another challenge to be overcome is the problem of re-integrating former miscanthus fields into crop rotations. The crop following miscanthus needs to be highly competitive in order not to be impaired by resprouting miscanthus shoots and thus able to achieve high yields. Additionally, there is only little information available on the effect of miscanthus cultivation and its subsequent removal on soil N content. This information is however crucial, for example to avoid environmental problems being caused by a potential nitrogen leaching after a miscanthus removal. If miscanthus is to be utilized as a biogas substrate, there are further challenges to be overcome. Firstly, the optimal harvest date needs to be defined with regard to the methane hectare yield and resilience of the crop to green cutting. Secondly, as a continuous supply of biomass throughout the year is necessary, ensiling will become a relevant topic. However, information is still required on the optimal harvest date to achieve a sufficient silage quality and the effects of ensiling on methane hectare yield. Finally, the suitability of miscanthus for biogas production is also influenced by biomass quality such as the proportions of leaf and stem. This has already been established for miscanthus utilization in combustion but has not yet been sufficiently investigated for anaerobic digestion. In summary, there are a number of uncertainties involved in miscanthus establishment, removal and utilization, which currently hamper its integration into agricultural production systems. From a bioeconomic point of view, this integration needs to be conducted as efficiently as possible in terms of nutrient-use, environmental and land-use efficiency. The aim of this study was to contribute to the filling of these knowledge gaps. To answer these knowledge gaps, several miscanthus field trials and laboratory experiments were conducted: a novel propagation method was tested; the re-integration of miscanthus fields into a crop rotation was analysed; and the effect of genotype, harvest date and ensiling on the digestibility and methane hectare yield was investigated. The results illustrate some possibilities of improving the nutrient-use, environmental and land-use efficiency of miscanthus biomass production along its supply chain: It was shown that miscanthus propagation via collars is feasible and a promising alternative to rhizome propagation, as the multiplication rate of collars is comparable to that of rhizome propagation. As the harvesting of collars is likely to be less labour-intensive and is less destructive for the mother field than rhizome propagation, this method is more favourable for both economic and ecological reasons. The re-integration of miscanthus into crop rotations revealed maize to be a suitable crop after miscanthus, as it coped with the prevailing soil conditions and suppressed resprouting miscanthus efficiently, resulting in satisfactory yields. The soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) content was found to increase during the vegetation period following a miscanthus removal, but was generally on a low level (average: 17.3 kg Nmin ha-1). Additionally, it was found that, in Germany, miscanthus should be harvested in mid-October to maximize methane yields and nutrient recycling but minimize yield reduction. In addition, silage quality was best when miscanthus was harvested on this date. As leaf proportion correlated positively with substrate-specific methane yield (SMY) and thus genotypes with a higher leaf proportion were found to have a higher SMY, methane hectare yields could be increased even further by using genotypes with a high leaf proportion. In summary, the approaches developed in this study allow to considerably improve the ecological and economic performance of miscanthus production by increasing nutrient-use,environmental impact and land-use, and thus simplifying implementation into practice.
Lab-scale carbonation of wood ash for CO2-sequestration
(2021) Koch, Robin; Sailer, Gregor; Paczkowski, Sebastian; Pelz, Stefan; Poetsch, Jens; Müller, Joachim
This study evaluated the CO2 sequestration potential with combustion ashes in the aqueous phase. The aim was to provide a cost-effective carbon sequestration method for combustion unit operators (flue gas cleaning) or biogas producers (biogas upgrading). Therefore, two separate test series were executed to identify the carbonation efficiency (CE) of bottom wood ash (1) at different mixing ratios with water in batch experiments and (2) under dynamic flow conditions. It was furthermore evaluated whether subsequent use of the carbonated wood ash for soil amendment could be possible and whether the process water could be passed into the sewage. The batch test series showed that different mixing ratios of wood ash and water had an influence on the CE. The flow series showed that the mean CE varied between approximately 14% and 17%. Thus, the ash proved to be suitable for carbonation processes. The process water was dischargeable, and the carbonated wood ash has potential for chalking, as no legal thresholds were exceeded. Therefore, wood ash carbonation could be used as a low-tech CO2 sequestration technology. Compared to existing energy consuming and cost intensive carbon capture and storage technologies, sequestration with ash could be beneficial, as it represents a low-tech approach.
Mono-digestion of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural process-wastewater in continuously operated anaerobic filters: A cascade utilization approach
(2023) Khan, Muhammad Tahir; Krümpel, Johannes; Wüst, Dominik; Lemmer, Andreas
A proper remedy for the overexploitation of biomass and biobased materials in the bioeconomy is the valorization of biorefineries’ side streams into meaningful products. Hence, in pursuit of a cascade utilization of renewables, a unique biorefinery byproduct was investigated for its biogas potential, specifically methane, in continuously operated anaerobic filters. For this purpose, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural process-wastewater, after supplementation of necessary nutrients, was diluted down to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 gCOD/L concentrations and thereafter tested individually at 43 °C and 55 °C. Maximum methane conversion efficiency at either temperature was observed for test substrates with 10 gCOD/L and 20 gCOD/L concentrations. At 43 °C, the anaerobic filters exhibited their highest biogas yields when supplied with the 30 gCOD/L feedstock. Further exposure of the mesophilic and thermophilic consortia to the ensuing 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural process-wastewater dilutions compromised the stability of the anaerobic process due to the soaring concentrations of short-chained volatile fatty acids. The supplementation of necessary nutrients to unlock the methane potential of the given recalcitrant substrate appears insufficient. Techniques like micro aeration, photolysis, or the use of activated carbon in the fixed bed might have the ability to enhance the biochemical methane conversion of such feedstock; otherwise, the introduction of trace elements alone may be adequate if aiming for platforms (volatile fatty acids) via anaerobic technologies.
New sustainable banana value chain: Waste valuation toward a circular bioeconomy
(2023) Krungkaew, Samatcha; Hülsemann, Benedikt; Kingphadung, Kanokwan; Mahayothee, Busarakorn; Oechsner, Hans; Müller, Joachim
According to the needs of sustainability, a new sustainable banana chip value chain, which is a combination of the traditional banana chip value chain and the banana waste value chain, was designed. Scenarios were created assuming that an anaerobic digester would be implemented to produce biogas—which can act as a substitute for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used in banana processing—from banana wastes. The values of banana residues throughout the value chain were determined depending on farm gate tree price, transportation cost, and the final value of LPG substitution. The value chain was optimized using two objective functions: total chain profit maximization and factory profit maximization. The tree price at the farm gate was determined and assumed to be between USD 0.067 and USD 0.093 per tree, and the transportation cost of tree transportation was assumed to be between USD 0.31 and USD 0.39 per km. Different tree prices and transportation costs affected the profits of all stakeholders throughout the chain. The scenarios that maximized total chain profits showed superior environmental performance compared to the scenarios that maximized factory profits. The proposed sustainable value chain will lead to an increase in farmers’ profits of 15.5–17.0%, while the profits gained by collectors and factory will increase between 3.5 and 8.9% when compared to business as usual.
Nitrogen-rich and lignocellulosic biomass for biogas production : methane yield potentials, process stability and nutrient management
(2023) Morozova, Ievgeniia; Lemmer, Andreas
A sustainable energy supply and bio-based economic processes are of central importance for the future development of many Eastern European countries. Due to the large agricultural potentials of these countries, bioenergy systems can make a significant contribution to sustainable electricity and heat production if they are reasonably integrated into an energy supply structure based on various renewable energy sources. This requires the use of regenerative starting products and the complete utilisation of all by-products of the overall process. With such a cradle-to-cradle approach, biogas technology can be a central component of future energy systems. The focus of this study is on Ukraine. In the future, bioenergy villages can make a decentralised contribution to a sustainable energy supply in this country. This study aims to determine the methane yield potential of various energy crops from Ukraine, investigate the process stability during fermentation in biogas plants and derive concepts for optimized digestate management. Seven different crops with a total of 22 varieties were investigated for their specific biomass yields, methane yields and areal methane yields. The crops were cultivated in Ukraine. The biogas production potential of the collected crop samples was determined using the Hohenheim Biogas Test in Germany. The Ukrainian variety “Osinnii zoretsvit” of miscanthus, “Giganteus” species, from the 8th year of vegetation, harvested at the stem elongation stage, resulted in the highest areal methane yield of 7404.55 ± 199.00 m3*ha-1 and the lowest N requirement per unit methane produced (23.41 ± 7.18 gN*m-3) among all the studied crops. The maize variety "Svitanok MV" (FAO 250) had the highest value of areal methane yield of 6365.67 ± 55.49 m3*ha-1 among the annual crops when harvested at the stage of wax maturity; remarkable was its unusually high specific methane yield of 0.41 ± 0.00 m3*kg-1VS. The Ukrainian sugar sorghum variety "Favoryt", harvested at the beginning of flowering, had an areal methane yield of 5968.90 ± 82.70 m3*ha-1, making it an attractive alternative energy crop for Ukraine. In the second part of the work, experimental investigations were carried out to test how N-rich substrates influence the stability and efficiency of the biogas process. For this purpose, different variants with various N-increase rates of the input materials at two initial concentrations were evaluated in the laboratory. The continuous trials were conducted over a period of 33 weeks. The modelling procedure was applied to evaluate the effects of TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) and FAN (free ammonia nitrogen) on the degree of methane production inhibition for all scenarios studied. It was concluded that the higher the N-increase rate in the feeding regime, the more methane production is inhibited. The maximum nitrogen concentration in the digestate achieved during stable fermentation processes in this study was 11.5 g*kg-1FM, which corresponded to the values of TAN and FAN of 9.07 g*kg-1FM and 0.85 g*kg-1FM, respectively. These values are much higher than those reported up to now in the literature. At the same time, process efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen concentrations. As a final step, the technology for nutrients recovery from digestate was developed and tested in this work. First, the digestate separation with a screw press separator was carried out as a "benchmark" at the research biogas plant "Unterer Lindenhof" on a technical scale. Subsequently, a methodology for digestate separation at laboratory scale was developed based on a tincture press, which corresponds to the technology used in practice. The effect of pretreatment of digestate with various biocoal-based additives was studied. In this study, six variants of biocoals synthesized at either 350 °C or 600 °C and partially impregnated with Mg or Ca before pyrolysis were produced. Different reaction times and conditions between the biocoals and the digestate were tested. The results on nutrient removal showed that the biocoals impregnated with Mg prior to pyrolysis had a positive effect on nutrient removal efficiency. The Mg-impregnated biocoal synthesised at 600 °C showed removal efficiencies for NH4+, P and K of 56.04%, 66.66% and 51.77%, respectively. These values were much higher than those for the control variant and much higher than the values found up to now in the literature. By using the nutrient-rich solid fraction of the digestate as fertiliser to cultivate bioenergy crops for further use in biogas production, the production cycle is closed, and the cradle-to-cradle approach is achieved.
Production of lactic acid and methane from renewable resources : an innovative green biorefinery concept for biogas process chains
(2015) Haag, Nicola Leonard; Jungbluth, Thomas
The increasing demands of world’s growing population for food, energy and products, the effects of climate change and the depletion of fossil resources forces the development of sustainable industries. Based on renewable resources, state-of-the-art processes have to be transformed to eco-friendly production sequences to lead the industry to a new, bio-based economy. An essential part of the bio-based economy will be biorefineries, as they enable the production of goods and energy from bio-based resources. The aim of this study was to establish an innovative green biorefinery concept to optimize biogas process chains. The green biorefinery concept was set up to both utilize and add value to green biomass, as well as other common raw substrates used in biogas processing, by producing platform chemicals and biogas. New ensiling techniques were applied, in order to increase the amount of valuable ingredients in the silage with a special focus on lactic acid. After solid-liquid separation of the silage to exploit organic acids, the solid residue was used for anaerobic digestion. In particular the objectives were: (1) to clarify which valuable chemicals can be increased in significant amounts, depending on the raw substrate, (2) to examine the technical, chemical and biological parameters affecting the increase of valuable products in the silage and (3) to investigate the methane formation potential of the residual biomass and the fresh silage to identify potential methane losses. Lactic acid was the most promising chemical, increased to highest amounts during the ensiling process. The addition of carbonated lime was the most effective treatment to increase the amount of lactic acid, requiring a high fermentability coefficient of the utilized raw substrate. Additional lactic acid producing bacteria can help to stabilize the silage and promote the growth of lactic acid contents. Supplying the lactic acid bacteria with additional trace elements (manganese) showed no effect on lactic acid production. The comparison of specific methane yields of the fresh silages with the corresponding solid residues always yielded higher values for the fresh silage (not always significant), due to the loss of volatile solids during the fractionating. Furthermore, there is a loss of overall methane production, due to the reduction of mass while fractionating. An initial economic assessment revealed that selected variations of the treated raw substrates maize and grass offer a huge potential for the presented biorefinery concept, as the increase in lactic acid contents was immense while simultaneously having no significant losses in specific methane yields. Crucial importance for the economic feasibility lies on the downstream process of lactic acid. Future research has to be focused on establishing adequate extraction techniques, as the extraction and purity of lactic acid is the primary challenge for the economic viability of the concept. In the context of adding value to existing biogas process chains, the presented green biorefinery concept is an alternative conversion path of biomass and will likely be of monetary interest in the near future. Moreover, the improved silages can be beneficial in other applications, such as the production of middle chain fatty acids for further processing. The presented biorefinery concept is of high value for numerous applications and shows an improved method of green biorefining, which can contribute to leading our society and industry to a sustainable and multifaceted future.
Untersuchungen zur zweiphasigen Vergärung von Grassilage
(2013) Zielonka, Simon
The anaerobic digestion of grass silage as a single substrate, which is a problematic substrate in CSTR digesters, was researched at the State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy at the University of Hohenheim. Lab research was conducted at a two-phase biogas plant consisting of a leach bed reactor and an anaerobic filter. The research goal was to identify and to optimize relevant process parameters, to be able to judge if this biogas process is a possible alternative to biogas processes that are in use in praxis. At the test biogas plant, which consists of five pairs of reactors, we observed the effects of the varied parameters on the methane yield and its distribution to the two phases, the degree of degradation and the amount of leached COD from the leach bed reactor. The results show that the separation of the phases could be improved by frequent exchange of the leachate. The research into the leach bed reactor temperature shows that the fastest and highest methane production of the two-phase biogas plant occurs at a temperature of 55°C. The use of different substrates result in individual digestion characteristics that majorly affect the quality of the phase separation. In total, a stable digestion process was observed in all experiments, and at optimal parameters of the test plant, methane yields comparable to one phase reference systems were reached. However, the retention time of one kilogram of organic dry matter was only 25 days. The experiments showed the efficiency of the discontinuous two-phase anaerobic digestion process with a leach bed reactor and an anaerobic filter. Relevant aspects for the operation and the optimisation of the process were discovered.